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Published byDennis Wright Modified over 9 years ago
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Abdul Hamid II 1876 – 1909
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Reaction to modernization Islam could not be flawed -> fault with Muslims: – French knowers/Western educated elite targeted, but also – Self-criticism of Muslim intellectuals and political activists Reassertion of Islamic values
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Territorial losses Abdul Hamid accepted losses of the “peripheries” of the empire; the Balkans, Tunisia and Egypt Retained the core territory of the empire; consolidation (e.g. fought to keep Armenia)
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Authoritarian reform Abdul Hamid II suspended the constitution in 1878 Control of government moved back to the royal palace Expanded powers of the central government Political and intellectual restrictions
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Tanzimat vs Abdul Hamid II Western inspired reforms Secularism Ottomanism Stress on Islamic heritage Catered to religious establishment Pan-Islam The caliphate; protector of all Muslims
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Continuity Improvement of financial system a priority, but empire still ended up bankrupt Europeans in control of finances Educational reforms continued; number of schools and teachers doubled Infrastructure further developed: 6 x roads, 3 x rail tracks, telegraph x 3; mining; agricultural export increased; local industry Centralization of control tightened Closer relationship with Germany
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Authoritarian rule Strict censorship of press, school curricula and public discussions Secret police and spies Imprisonment or exile of leading officials and intellectuals; formed opposition groups Higher educational institutions breeding grounds for discontent
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Separatist movements Ruthless suppression of nationalist movement Armenian community targeted
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Abdul Hamid’s demise Caused by: – Economic pressures – Foreign interference – Autocratic rule – Loss of army’s support
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