1. Motivation and Emotion liudexiang

2. Perspectives on motivation Instincts Drive-reduction theory Arousal theory Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation A hierarchy of motives

3. Motive Specific need or desire, such as hunger, thirst, or achievement, that prompts goal- directed behavior.

4. Instincts Inborn, inflexible, goal-directed behavior that is characteristic of an entire species.

5. Drive-reduction theory Drive :State of tension or arousal that motivates behavior. Homeostasis: State of balance and stability in which the organism functions effectively. Drive-reduction theory: States that motivated behavior is aimed at reducing a state of bodily tension or arousal and at returning the organism to homeostasis.

6. Drive-reduction theory Primary drive : An unlearned drive, such as hunger, that is based on a physiological state. Second drive : A learned drive, such as ambition, that is not based on a physiological state.

7. Arousal theory Theory of motivation that proposes that organisms seek an optimal level of arousal. Yerkes-Dodson Law : States that there is an optimal level of arousal for the best performance of any task; the more complex the task, the lower the level of arousal that can be tolerated before performance deteriorates.

8. Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation Intrinsic motivation : A desire to perform a behavior that stems from the enjoyment derived from the behavior itself. Extrinsic motivation : A desire to perform a behavior to obtain an external reward or avoid punishment.

9. A hierarchy of motives Self-actualization needs Esteem needs Belongingness needs Safety needs Physiological needs

10. Emotion Feeling, such as fear, joy, or surprise, that underlies behavior.

11. Theory of emotion James-Lange theory Cannon-Bard theory Cognitive theory

12. James-Lange theory States that stimuli cause physiological changes in our bodies, and emotions result from those physiological changes.

13. Cannon-Bard theory States that the experience of emotion occurs simultaneously with biological changes.

14. Cognitive theory States that emotional experience depends on one’s perception or judgment of a situation.

15. The End