1. Unit 8: Motivation, Emotion and Stress

2. Unit 08 - Overview Motivational Concepts Hunger Motivation
Sexual Motivation
Social Motivation: Affiliation Needs
Theories and Physiology of Emotion
Expressed Emotion
Stress and Health
Stress and Illness
Click on the any of the above hyperlinks to go to that section in the presentation.

3. Module 37: Motivational Concepts

5. Introduction
Motivation

6. Instincts and Evolutionary Psychology

7. Instincts and Evolutionary Psychology
Instinct (fixed pattern)
Instincts in animals
Instincts in humans

8. Drives and Motivations

9. Drives and Motivations
Drive-reduction theory
Homeostasis
Need
Drive
Drive reduction

10. Drives and Motivations
Drive-reduction theory
Homeostasis
Need
Drive
Drive reduction

11. Drives and Motivations
Drive-reduction theory
Homeostasis
Need
Drive
Drive reduction

12. Drives and Motivations
Incentive
Positive and negative

13. Optimum Arousal

14. Optimum Arousal
Arousal
Optimum level of arousal
Yerkes-Dodson Law

15. A Hierarchy of Motives

16. A Hierarchy of Motives Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
Variations in the hierarchy

17. A Hierarchy of Motives

18. A Hierarchy of Motives

19. A Hierarchy of Motives

20. A Hierarchy of Motives

21. A Hierarchy of Motives

22. A Hierarchy of Motives

23. A Hierarchy of Motives

24. Motivational Theories Strengths and Weaknesses

25. Motivational Theories Strengths and Weaknesses

26. Motivational Theories Strengths and Weaknesses

27. Motivational Theories Strengths and Weaknesses

28. Motivational Theories Strengths and Weaknesses

29. Motivational Theories Strengths and Weaknesses

30. Motivational Theories Strengths and Weaknesses

31. Motivational Theories Strengths and Weaknesses

32. Motivational Theories Strengths and Weaknesses

33. Motivational Theories Strengths and Weaknesses

34. Motivational Theories Strengths and Weaknesses

35. Motivational Theories Strengths and Weaknesses

36. Motivational Theories Strengths and Weaknesses

37. Module 38: Hunger Motivation

39. The Physiology of Hunger

40. The Physiology of Hunger
Contractions of the stomach
Washburn study

41. The Physiology of Hunger Body Chemistry and the Brain
Glucose
Insulin
Hypothalamus
Lateral hypothalamus
orexin
Vetromedial hypothalamus

42. The Physiology of Hunger Body Chemistry and the Brain
Appetite hormones
Ghrelin
Obestatin
PYY
Leptin
Set point
Basal metabolic rate

43. The Physiology of Hunger Body Chemistry and the Brain

44. The Psychology of Hunger

45. The Psychology of Hunger Taste Preferences: Biology and Culture
Genetic: sweet and salty
Neophobia
Adaptive taste preferences

46. The Psychology of Hunger Taste Preferences: Biology and Culture

47. The Psychology of Hunger Situational Influences on Eating
Do you eat more when eating with others?
Unit bias
Food variety

48. Obesity and Weight Control

49. Obesity and Weight Control
The Physiology of Obesity
Set point and metabolism
The genetic factor
The food and activity factors
Social influence

50. Obesity and Weight Control

51. Module 39: Sexual Motivation

53. The Physiology of Sex

54. The Physiology of Sex The Sexual Response Cycle
Excitement phase
Plateau phase
Orgasm
Resolution phase
Refractory period

55. The Physiology of Sex Sexual Dysfunctions and Paraphilias
Erectile disorder
Premature ejaculation
Female orgasmic disorder
Paraphilias
Exhibitionism, fetishism, pedophilia

56. The Physiology of Sex Hormones and Sexual Behavior
Effects of hormones
Development of sexual characteristics
Activate sexual behavior
Estrogen
Testosterone

57. The Psychology of Sex

58. The Psychology of Sex External stimuli Imagined stimuli Dreams
Sexual fantasies

59. The Psychology of Sex

60. The Psychology of Sex

61. The Psychology of Sex

62. The Psychology of Sex

63. Module 40: Social Motivation: Affiliation Needs

65. Introduction Aristotle’s social animal
Need to belong – affiliation need

66. The Benefits of Belonging

67. The Benefits of Belonging
Enhanced survival
How belonging influences our thoughts and emotions
Attachment
Anxious attachment
Insecure avoidant attachment

68. The Pain of Being Shut Out

69. The Pain of Being Shut Out
Ostracism
Cyberostracism
Anterior cingulate cortex
Influences on behavior

70. Connecting and Social Networking

71. Connecting and Social Networking Mobile Networks and Social Media
Cell phones
Texting and
Facebook and twitter

72. Have social networking sites made us more, or less, socially isolated?
Connecting and Social Networking The Social Effects of Social Networking
Have social networking sites made us more, or less, socially isolated?
Does electronic communication stimulate healthy self-disclosure?
Do social networking profiles and posts reflect people’s actual personalities?
Does social networking promote narcissism?

73. Module 41: Theories and Physiology of Emotion

75. Cognition and Emotion

76. Cognition and Emotion Emotions Bodily arousal Expressive behaviors
Conscious experience

77. Cognition and Emotion Historical Emotion Theories
Common Sense theory
James-Lange theory
Cannon-Bard theory
Lower spine injuries
High spinal cord injury

78. Two-factor theory Schachter-Singer Spillover effect
Cognition and Emotion Cognition Can Define Emotion: Schachter and Singer
Two-factor theory
Schachter-Singer
Spillover effect

79. LeDoux’s high and low road
Cognition and Emotion Cognition May Not Proceed Emotion: Zajonc, LeDoux & Lazarus
Robert Zajonc
LeDoux’s high and low road

80. Cognition and Emotion Cognition May Not Proceed Emotion: Zajonc, LeDoux & Lazarus

81. Cognition and Emotion Cognition May Not Proceed Emotion: Zajonc, LeDoux & Lazarus

82. Cognition and Emotion Cognition May Not Proceed Emotion: Zajonc, LeDoux & Lazarus

95. Embodied Emotion

96. Embodied Emotion Emotions and the Autonomic Nervous System
Sympathetic nervous system
arousing
Parasympathetic nervous system
Calming
Yerkes Dodson Law
Fight or flee

97. Embodied Emotion Emotions and the Autonomic Nervous System

98. Embodied Emotion Emotions and the Autonomic Nervous System

99. Embodied Emotion Emotions and the Autonomic Nervous System

100. Embodied Emotion The Physiology of Emotions
Insula
Brain circuits
Left frontal lobe

101. Module 42: Expressed Emotion

103. Detecting Emotion in Others

104. Detecting Emotion in Others
Nonverbal cues
Duchenne smile

105. Gender, Emotion, and Nonverbal Behavior

106. Gender, Emotion, and Nonverbal Behavior

107. Gender, Emotion, and Nonverbal Behavior

108. Culture and Emotional Expression

109. Culture and Emotional Expression

110. Culture and Emotional Expression

111. The Effects of Facial Expressions

112. The Effects of Facial Expressions
Facial feedback effect
Health psychology

113. Module 43: Stress and Health

115. Stress: Some Basic Concepts

116. Stress: Some Basic Concepts
Stress appraisal

117. Stress: Some Basic Concepts Stressors – Things that Push Our Buttons
Catastrophes
Significant life changes
Daily hassles

118. Stress: Some Basic Concepts The Stress Response System
Selye’s general adaptation syndrome (GAS)
Alarm
Resistance
Exhaustion
Tend-and-befriend

119. Stress: Some Basic Concepts The Stress Response System General Adaptation Syndrome

120. Stress: Some Basic Concepts The Stress Response System General Adaptation Syndrome

121. Stress: Some Basic Concepts The Stress Response System General Adaptation Syndrome

122. Stress: Some Basic Concepts The Stress Response System General Adaptation Syndrome

123. Module 44: Stress and Illness

125. Introduction Psychophysiological illnesses Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)
Lymphocytes
B lymphocytes
T lymphocytes
Macrophage
Natural killer cells (NK cells)

136. Stress and Susceptibility to Disease

137. Stress and Susceptibility to Disease
Stress and AIDS
Stress and Cancer
Stress and Heart Disease
Coronary heart disease
Type A
Type B

138. Stress and Susceptibility to Disease

139. Stress and Susceptibility to Disease

140. Stress and Susceptibility to Disease

141. The End

142. Definition Slides

143. Motivation
= a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior.

144. Instinct
= a complex, unlearned behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species.

145. Drive-Reduction Theory
= the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need.

146. Homeostasis
= a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level.

147. Incentive
= a positive or negative environment stimulus that motivates behavior.

148. Yerkes-Dodson Law
= the principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases.

149. Hierarchy of Needs
= Maslow’s pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active.

150. Glucose
= the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger.

151. Set Point
= the point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight.

152. Basal Metabolic Rate
= the body’s resting rate of energy expenditure.

153. Sexual Response Cycle
= the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson – excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.

154. Refractory Period
= a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm.

155. Sexual Dysfunction
= a problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal or functioning.

156. Estrogens
= sex hormones, such as estradiol, secreted in greater amount by females than males and contributing to female sex characteristics. In nonhuman female mammals, estrogen levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity.

157. Testosterone
= the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty.

158. Emotion = a response of the whole organism, involving
(1) physiological arousal,
(2) expressive behaviors, and
(3) conscious experience.

159. James-Lange Theory
= the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli.

160. Cannon-Bard Theory
= the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers
(1) physiological responses and
(2) the subjective experience of emotion.

161. Two-Factor Theory
= the Schachter-Singer theory that to experience emotion one must (1) by physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal.

162. Polygraph
= a machine, commonly used in attempts to detect lies, that measures several of the physiological responses (such as perspiration and cardiovascular and breathing changes) accompanying emotion.

163. Facial Feedback Effect
= the tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, and happiness.

164. Health Psychology
= a subfield of psychology that provides psychology's contribution to behavioral medicine.

165. Stress
= the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging.

166. General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
= Selye’s concept of the body’s adaptive response to stress in three phases – alarm, resistance, exhausion.

167. Tend-and-Befriend Response
= under stress, people (especially women) often provide support to others (tend) and bond with and seek support from others (befriend).

168. Psychophysiological Illness
= literally, “mind-body” illness; any stress-related physical illness, such as hypertension and some headaches.

169. Psychoneuroimmunology
= the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health.

170. Lymphocytes
= the two types of white blood cells that are part of the body’s immune system; B lymphocytes form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections; T lymphocytes form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances.

171. Coronary Heart Disease
= the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in many developed countries.

172. Type A
= Friedman and Rosenman’s term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people.

173. Type B
= Friedman and Rosenman’s term for easygoing, relaxed people.