1. Computer Engineering AddSub page 1 Basic Building Blocks Multiplexer + Demultiplexer Adder

2. Computer Engineering AddSub page 2 The Program Counter There is a special register inside the processor. Big enough to hold an instruction address (32 bits). Called the program counter (PC).

3. Computer Engineering AddSub page 3 Branch logic Sgn/Ze extend Zero ext. ALU A B 31 0 4 + +

4. Computer Engineering AddSub page 4 Fetch - Execute Fetch: –Send the value in the PC to the instruction memory. –The instruction memory gives out one instruction. Execute: –Carry out the fetched instruction. –Also: PC := PC+4; Fetch Execute  10 8 times per second

5. Computer Engineering AddSub page 5 Branch logic Sgn/Ze extend Zero ext. ALU A B 31 0 4 + +

6. Computer Engineering AddSub page 6 Branch logic Sgn/Ze extend Zero ext. ALU A B 31 0 4 + +

7. Computer Engineering AddSub page 7 The Register File 32 word (32 bit) registers. r0 is special: –Read: always zero. –Write: allowed, but won´t change it. r31 is special: –Hard-wired return address (lab1).

8. Computer Engineering AddSub page 8 Branch logic Sgn/Ze extend Zero ext. ALU A B 31 0 4 + +

9. Computer Engineering AddSub page 9 Add Instructions 32 bit operands. Example: –Add rd rs rt. –rd := rs + rt. There is also: –Addu rd rs rt. These are not add signed and add unsigned. The “u”-variant ignores overflow. Opcode rsrt rd 5 5 5 6

10. Computer Engineering AddSub page 10 Branch logic Sgn/Ze extend Zero ext. Add rd rs rt ALU A B 31 0 4 + +

11. Computer Engineering AddSub page 11 Branch logic Sgn/Ze extend Zero ext. Add rd rs rt ALU A B 31 0 4 + +

12. Computer Engineering AddSub page 12 Branch logic Sgn/Ze extend Zero ext. Add rd rs rt ALU A B 31 0 4 + +

13. Computer Engineering AddSub page 13 Branch logic Sgn/Ze extend Zero ext. Add rd rs rt ALU A B 31 0 4 + +

14. Computer Engineering AddSub page 14 Branch logic Sgn/Ze extend Zero ext. Add rd rs rt ALU A B 31 0 4 + +

15. Computer Engineering AddSub page 15 Branch logic Sgn/Ze extend Zero ext. Add rd rs rt … next instr ALU A B 31 0 4 + +

16. Computer Engineering AddSub page 16 Sub Instructions 32 bit operands. Example: –Sub rd rs rt –rd := rs - rt There is also: –Subu rd rs rt These are not sub signed and sub unsigned The “u”-variant ignores overflow

17. Computer Engineering AddSub page 17 How to Negate Y := -X? Subrd $0 rt($0 means r0) rd := 0 - rt Careful: Neg  Not

18. Computer Engineering AddSub page 18 Compare Instructions Signed integers: –Slt rd rs rt –if rs < rt then rd := 1 else rd := 0 Unsigned integers: –Sltu rd rs rt –if rs < rt then rd := 1 else rd := 0

19. Computer Engineering AddSub page 19 Immediate Variants of the arithmetic instructions: Addi rt rs Imm Addiu rt rs Imm Slti rt rs Imm Sltiu rt rs Imm Imm sign-extend No sub instruction

20. Computer Engineering AddSub page 20 Sign/Zero extension The immediate field is 16 bits But most operations work on 32 bits! Zero extension Sign extension Immediate xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx Immediate 0000000000000000 Immediate Bit 15, the Sign bit, is copied into bits 16 - 31 x 01516310151631

21. Computer Engineering AddSub page 21 Branch logic Sgn/Ze extend Zero ext. ALU A B 31 0 4 + +

22. Computer Engineering AddSub page 22 Branch logic Sgn/Ze extend Zero ext. Addi rt rs Imm ALU A B 31 0 4 + +

23. Computer Engineering AddSub page 23 Branch logic Sgn/Ze extend Zero ext. Addi rt rs Imm ALU A B 31 0 4 + +

24. Computer Engineering AddSub page 24 Branch logic Sgn/Ze extend Zero ext. Addi rt rs Imm ALU A B 31 0 4 + +

25. Computer Engineering AddSub page 25 Branch logic Sgn/Ze extend Zero ext. Addi rt rs Imm ALU A B 31 0 4 + +

26. Computer Engineering AddSub page 26 Branch logic Sgn/Ze extend Zero ext. Addi rt rs Imm … next instr ALU A B 31 0 4 + +