1. Russia and the Republics

3. A Land of Extremes Northern LandformsNorthern Landforms Northern European PlainNorthern European Plain Chernozem – black earthChernozem – black earth West Siberian PlainWest Siberian Plain Ural Mountains separate later and formerUral Mountains separate later and former Central Siberian Plain – high plateaus (east of Yenisey River)Central Siberian Plain – high plateaus (east of Yenisey River) Russian Far East (east of Lena River) - Kamchatka Pen.Russian Far East (east of Lena River) - Kamchatka Pen. Southern LandformsSouthern Landforms Caucasus Mtns – Transcaucasia: Armenia, Azerbaijan and GeorgiaCaucasus Mtns – Transcaucasia: Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia Tian Shan Mtns – Central Asia: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and UzbekistanTian Shan Mtns – Central Asia: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan Tural Plain – Kara Kum and Kyzyl Kum DesertsTural Plain – Kara Kum and Kyzyl Kum Deserts

5. A Land of Extremes Rivers drainages: Caspian, Black, Aral Seas + the Pacific and Artic OceansRivers drainages: Caspian, Black, Aral Seas + the Pacific and Artic Oceans Lakes: Some of the world’s longest lakes (Caspian and Aral Seas)Lakes: Some of the world’s longest lakes (Caspian and Aral Seas) Lake Baikal = deepest lake in the worldLake Baikal = deepest lake in the world Abundant Resources – coal, iron ore, oil and natural gas, forests and river for hydroelectric powerAbundant Resources – coal, iron ore, oil and natural gas, forests and river for hydroelectric power Difficulty with access – SIBERIADifficulty with access – SIBERIA Climate: ranges from humid continental to subarticClimate: ranges from humid continental to subartic Continentality - distance inland from moderating influence of the seaContinentality - distance inland from moderating influence of the sea Vegetation: Tundra, Forest (taiga), Steppe and DesertVegetation: Tundra, Forest (taiga), Steppe and Desert

7. History of Russia Early Kievan state of Rus (Eastern Slavs) 7 th centuryEarly Kievan state of Rus (Eastern Slavs) 7 th century Between Black and Baltic SeasBetween Black and Baltic Seas Dnieper River settlement of KievDnieper River settlement of Kiev Mixed Slavs with Viking explorers who Mixed Slavs with Viking explorers who settled and adopted local customs Dominated local scene from 9 th century toDominated local scene from 9 th century to 11 th century Golden Age of Kiev - Vladimir the GreatGolden Age of Kiev - Vladimir the Great (980-1015) &Yaroslav the Wise (1019-1054) Orthodox Christianity from Byzantium – legal code ‘Russkaya Pravda’

8. History of Russia 11 th and 12 th Centuries see migrations north b/c of Turkic tribes 11 th and 12 th Centuries see migrations north b/c of Turkic tribes 13 th century brings Mongol Tatar (Golden Horde) invasions ending Kievan Rus (1237-1240AD) 13 th century brings Mongol Tatar (Golden Horde) invasions ending Kievan Rus (1237-1240AD) Control region until 15 th century Control region until 15 th century Grand Duchy of Moscow asserts influence Grand Duchy of Moscow asserts influence Ivan the Great, Prince of Moscow Ivan the Great, Prince of Moscow throws off Tatar dominance Unites both Central and Northern Rus Unites both Central and Northern Rus and assumes legacy of ERE (Byzantines)

9. History of Russia Under Ivan the Great, Russia expanded eastUnder Ivan the Great, Russia expanded east Empire extends to Pacific by end of 17 th centuryEmpire extends to Pacific by end of 17 th century

10. History of Russia Czar Peter the Great (1682-1725)Czar Peter the Great (1682-1725) Moves capital to St. PetersburgMoves capital to St. Petersburg Direct access to Western EuropeDirect access to Western Europe Builds a strong navyBuilds a strong navy Gains new lands and makes someGains new lands and makes some necessary reforms to align with West Serfs emancipated in 1861 Serfs emancipated in 1861 Leads to rapid industrialization Leads to rapid industrialization Eventually leads to harsh working Eventually leads to harsh working conditions, low wages and other hardships = unhappy Russians

11. History of Russia Russian Revolution (October Revolution), 1917Russian Revolution (October Revolution), 1917 Began during WWIBegan during WWI Ends rule of czars (Nicholas and his family were murdered)Ends rule of czars (Nicholas and his family were murdered) Bolsheviks led by V.I.Lenin take power and control economic decisions and governmentBolsheviks led by V.I.Lenin take power and control economic decisions and government Capitalism bad... Communism good (Karl Marx)Capitalism bad... Communism good (Karl Marx) U.S.S.R. created in 1922 by CommunistU.S.S.R. created in 1922 by CommunistParty Moscow becomes official capitalMoscow becomes official capital Joseph Stalin ascends to power in 1924Joseph Stalin ascends to power in 1924

12. History of Russia Command EconomyCommand Economy Gov’t owns the land, factories,Gov’t owns the land, factories, mines, banks and transpo Collective FarmsCollective Farms Gov’t determines what to growGov’t determines what to grow who to sell to and how much it is worth What was the cost of this kindWhat was the cost of this kindeconomy?? Cost to the population underCost to the population under Stalin’s harsh rule??

13. History of Russia World War II, 1939-1945World War II, 1939-1945 “The Enemy of my enemy is my friend”“The Enemy of my enemy is my friend” – U.S. stance concerning the Soviet Union and Stalin As the war dragged on, relationsAs the war dragged on, relationsworsened Post-war Europe split intoPost-war Europe split into Eastern and Western

14. History of Russia Cold War, 1947-1991Cold War, 1947-1991 Characterized by:Characterized by: Mutual distrust and espionage between 2 SuperpowersMutual distrust and espionage between 2 Superpowers Nuclear arms proliferation and assured destructionNuclear arms proliferation and assured destruction Split between Western ‘democratic/capitalist’ and EasternSplit between Western ‘democratic/capitalist’ and Eastern ‘communist’ sides around world Never turned hot (save for Korea 1951-1953, Vietnam 1965-1975 and Cuba 1962)Never turned hot (save for Korea 1951-1953, Vietnam 1965-1975 and Cuba 1962) Détente (1985-1989)Détente (1985-1989) Mikhail Gorbachev enforces reforms called perestroikaMikhail Gorbachev enforces reforms called perestroika Also introduces glasnost within country opening up freedomsAlso introduces glasnost within country opening up freedoms U.S.S.R. collapsed in 1991, creating a new Russian Federation and its independent republicsU.S.S.R. collapsed in 1991, creating a new Russian Federation and its independent republics