1. Gavray Claire Université de Liège Belgique Gender Stereotypes and Problematic Behaviors amongst teenagers cgavray@ulg.ac.be 1

2. ISRD 2006 Wallonia Life-timeLast month girlsboysGirlsboys % % % %dm. Beer/wine59.6 31.3 34.6 Strong alcohols 27.2 31.2 11.7 14.2 marijuana, haschisch 14.8 14.5 6.7 8.4 ISRD 2006 Wallonie Life-time and last month prevalence of risk factors Life-timeLast month a girlsboysgirlsboys % % % %. Freq. violent offences b 22.1 41.0 13.4 27.6 Rare violent offences c 4.2 7.4 2.6 4.9 vandalism 8.0 17.0 5.0 11.7 Shoplifting 22.9 18.4 8.3 8.6 Rare property offences d 5.3 10.8 1.7 6.1 Computer Hacking 3.5 9.7 2.5 7.4 Drug dealing 3.5 4.4 2.4 3.2 Hard drug use e 2.9 2.7 1.1 1.7 n = 1226 ;weighted data; prevalence based on valid cases a hard drug use: last month prevalence b group fight and carrying a weapon c pick pocketing/snatching, robbery/extortion, and assault d burglary, bicycle/motor bike theft, car theft, and car break e XTC/speed and LSD/heroine/cocaine use ISRD 2006 Wallonie Life-time and last year prevalence (aggregated offences) 2

3. ISRD 2006 Wallonie – Diversity rate by gender group boys (n = 606)girls (n = 611) n%n% Ever (life-time) 4 types of offenses and more 538.8244,0 On the last 12 monthes 4 types of offenses and more 274.591,4 3

4. . ISRD 2006 Belgium Odds ratios – logistic regression- explained variable = violent offenses Bloc 1: démography GENDER 2 2.42 * *** age 1 1.08 Migrant (ref= native) 2 nd generation 1 1.29 1 st generation 0 0.98 Bloc 2: family Lives with his/her both parents 0 0.91 Good relations with the mother 0 0.99 Good relations with the father 0 0.97 Bloc 3: school Weak attatchment to school 1 1.01 Insecure in school environment 1 1.28 }*}* truancy 1 1.16 School grade ( ref= 1 st y sec sc 2d year 0 0.69 3d year 0. 0.60 Bloc 4 : Personality Low self-control 1 1.69 } * * violent values 2 2.27 * * Bloc 5: style de vie Alcohol consumption 2 2.39 * * Drug consumption 2 2.28 * ** * Delinquent friends 2 2.23 * ** * Do not tell his/her parents when leaving 1 1.75 * ** Most free time spent with.. (ref = alone) with the family 0 0.99 With friends 1 1.42 Already victim 1 1.48* Nagelkerke R² (en %): 38.6% 4

5. GLM regression models of self-control, by gender (ISRD Belgium) ***: p < 0.001 **: p < 0.01 *: p < 0.05 BoysGirls BsepbetaBsepbeta Societal vulnerability -0.0350.015*-0.111-0.0580.020**-0.070 Violent Values-0.5920.025***-0.522-0.5950.039***-0.586 (intercept)0.0260.069NS0.0110.0090.075NS0.028 R-square 0.393 0.327 5

6. Result of the logistic regression / quartile the most concerned by violent offenses girlsboys ageXX Score of sycho-social ill-beingX Score of violent valuesXX Number of delinquent friendsXX Number of friends who consume alcohol /drugs XX Score of time spent with friends outside home XX Bad relations with the mother X Bad relations with the fatherX Parents with problems of alcoholismX Personal victimisation in childhood Feeling badly in school, with teachers XXXX School tracking Feeling of injustice on behalf of the society and of social institutions XX XX Low level of education of parentsX 6

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8. In the male group: The first factor is related to confidence in the superiority and rights of initiative and decision regarding sexuality and seduction. The second factor endorses specific tastes, preferences, skills and jobs for men. The third factor focuses on the valorization of strength and violence. 8

9. 3 factors also emerge from data concerning the girls. The first factor expresses an acceptance of certain differences and a certain hierarchy between gender groups, in particular in the affective and sexual domains. The second factor reveals that they are aware of the importance of the school investment to guarantee their autonomy + a certain anxiety. The third factor reports a priori ambivalent contemporary strategies. On one side, we find elements of femininity (importance of good self-presentation, sensitivity and penchant for negotiation rather than competition. On the other side, the factor reports a high self-confidence, optimism and will to succeed in every sphere of life. 9

10. Q17 Have you ever lived the following situations since you are in secondary school ? Insults and hurtful remarks undergone Done to others Damaged, vandalized affairs undergone Done to others Threats, harassments undergone Done to others Racket undergone Done to others Significant rejection of the group undergone Done to others Thefts undergone Done to others Knocks, physical violence Undergone Done to others Participation in fights of group girls 64% 52% 31% 7% 21% 10% 3% 26% 22% 29% 6% 19% 18% 14% boys 61% 56% 31% 16% 17% 13% 3% 5% 15% 25% 26% 14% 31% 36% 25% 10

11. girls Score of victimizationscore of acting-out Factor 1 (acceptation of gender hierarchy)corr.0.150.07 p 0.0083p 0.1858 Factor 2 (efforts at school) corr.0.200.10 p 0.0002p 0.0672 Factor 3 (contemporary strategies)corr.-0.03-0.01 p 0.5540p 0.7677 11

12. Score of acting out Score of victimization BOYS Factor 1 ( role of decision /initiative >men) corr. 0.290.16 p<.00010.0024 Factor 2 (gender separation of tastes and the jobs) corr. 0.21 0.5 p< 00010.04 Factor 3 (valorization of violence) corr. 0.300.18 p<.00010.0029 12

13. boys Level of parents’diploma (degree) Nmeans SD No diploma after secundary school Score of victimization1902.141.98 Score of acting-out 1891.961.88 One diploma after secundary school Score of victimization1222.051.88 Score of acting out 1241.721.67 Two diplomas Score of victimization1051.891.65 Score of acting out 1051.791.77 13

14. Girls Level of parents’ diploma(degree) No diploma after secundary school N means SD Score of victimization1982.181.85 Score of acting out1961.631.63 One diploma after secundary school Score of victimization1082.251.89 Score of acting out1061.421.25 Two diplomas after secundary school Score of victimization1001.541.48 Score1000.931.07 14

15. CONCLUSION Three main results come out from our data and presentation 1. In the first place, the theory of the societal vulnerability (Walgrave, Vettenburg) and the theory of recognition (Honneth) are confirmed. 2. With regard to adolescent population in general, links are confirmed between, on one side, the production of not authorized and violent behaviors and, on the other side, gendered attitudes and values. 3. The question of gender stereotypes is often thought in terms of ‘problems’ for girls and women. Our results show that contemporary girls have a higher resistance to gender stereotypes than the male group. In the latter group, gender attitudes, values and behaviors clearly enter into the construction of a shared identity. 15