1. Chapter 14: Therapy

2. Freud’s Approach: Psychoanalysis 1. Aims  To bring to light the repressed and conflicted impulses of the Id-ego-superego 2. Methods  Client talks (free-associates) and the analyst interprets and provides insight 3. Common contemporary approaches  Psychodynamic therapy  Interpersonal psychotherapy

3. Roger’s Approach: Humanistic Therapies 1. Client-centered approach  Works to increase self-awareness & self-acceptance = personal growth  Methods 1. Talk about current and future events 2. No emphasis on the unconscious 3. Taking responsibility 4. Therapist uses active listening = paraphrase, clarify, reflect feelings

4. Behavior Therapies  The aim of these therapies is behavior modification  Methods 1. Classical conditioning  Counter-conditioning  Systematic desensitization  Aversive conditioning 2. Operant conditioning  Token economy

5. Cognitive Therapies  These approaches recognize the influence of thinking upon our feelings  Methods 1. Change the way we feel by changing the way we think 2. Cognitive-Behavior Therapy (CBT) Thoughts  Feelings  Behaviors

6. Group and Family Therapies 1. All the therapies we discussed today (except psychoanalysis) can be done on an individual or group basis 2. Family therapy 3. Benefits of group therapy: 1. Low cost 2. Increased support 3. Sense of community – not alone with a problem

7. Biomedical Approaches 1. We’ve talked a bit about drug therapies already  Became popular in the mid-1950’s with the discovery of antipsychotic medications  Led to a huge reduction in the number of hospitalizations  The major classes of psychotropic medications

8. Other Biomedical Interventions 2. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) or shock therapy 3. Psychosurgery

9. How do we Know if Therapy Works?  This is not an easy question to answer  Client testimonials  Crises tend to abate with time  Positive expectations can lead to positive results  Need to believe it was worth the effort  Liking therapist can influence report

10. Does it work? Con’t. 1. Therapists themselves also report high rates of success  People come in very unhappy and leave happier  Can they tell what made the difference? 2. Problems with objective, measurable behaviors like OCD are easier to evaluate 3. Outcome research

11. Are some therapies better than others?  There really is no ‘winner’ when you compare all of the therapies  What is important is finding a match between: 1. The problem and the approach 2. The client and the therapist

12. What all Therapies do have… 1. Hope 2. A new perspective and insight 3. Empathy 4. Trust 5. Caring