1. Fig.: 6.1 Chapter 6.1: Thermal Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition thermic insulated box hot plate specimen cooling plate thermo- couple sensor thickness measuring device

2. IR sensor + iris diaphragm furnace specimen laser signal amplifier furnace power supply t experimental result laser power supply printer software computer + data aquisition TT Fig.: 6.2 Chapter 6.1: Thermal Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

3. dynamic sample chamber reference pan sample pan lid gas purge inlet chromel disc heating block alumel wire chromel wire thermocouple junction thermoelectric disc (constantan) constantan wire chromel wire constantan body reference platform sample platform chromel area detector thin wall tube base surface chromel disc a b Fig.: 6.3 Chapter 6.1: Thermal Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

4. H T m T T a g T 0.5  c p H c p c p p Fig.: 6.4 Chapter 6.1: Thermal Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

5. 5 4 3 2 1 0 80 120 160 200 T (°C) copolymer homopolymer Q/m (Wg ) sample mass : ~ 5 mg heating rate : 10 K min purge gas : N 2 ~ endo Fig.: 6.5 Chapter 6.1: Thermal Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

6. -100 -50 0 50 100 150 reverse heat flow non-reverse heat flow T (°C) exothermic: saturated segments endothermic: saturated segmentes, resins, asphalts endothermic background endo exo Q/m Fig.: 6.6 Chapter 6.1: Thermal Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

7. endo Q/m (Wg ) 0 -20 -40 -60 -80 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 t (min) 56 d 35 d 21 d 0 d Fig.: 6.7 T = 190 °C p = 3.4 MPa Chapter 6.1: Thermal Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

8. Fig.: 6.8 Chapter 6.1: Thermal Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

9. 100 80 60 40 20 0 200 400 600 800 T (°C) 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 oil polymer carbon black ash nitrogen 10 K min air 10 K min EPDM DTG mm DTG (% min ) Fig.: 6.9 TG (%) Chapter 6.1: Thermal Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

10. TG (%) -7 10 -8 -9 -10 -11 -12 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 100 80 60 40 20 0 mm H O 2 CO 2 dibutylphthalate diethylether T (°C) C H OH 2 5 ion current (A) Fig.: 6.10 Chapter 6.1: Thermal Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

11. 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.00 -0.01 0 50 100 150 200 250 0 T (°C) radial direction tangential direction thickness direction  L/L Fig.: 6.11 Chapter 6.1: Thermal Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

12. Fig.: 6.12 Chapter 6.2: Trempler, J.: Optical Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

13. sample index matching fluid measuring prism Fig.: 6.13 Chapter 6.2: Trempler, J.: Optical Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition light beam

14. 20 µm Becke - line Fig.: 6.14 Chapter 6.2: Trempler, J.: Optical Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

15. 50 mm isoclinic line isochromatic line Fig.: 6.15 Chapter 6.2: Trempler, J.: Optical Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

16. zero order red 1 red 2 red 3 red 4 20 mm Fig.: 6.16 Chapter 6.2: Trempler, J.: Optical Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

17. 0.0 12.5 25.0 37.5 50.0 62.5 75.0 r (mm) 0.0 0.5 1.0 filter color red blue green orange gate edge  n  (10 ) -3 Fig.: 6.17 Chapter 6.2: Trempler, J.: Optical Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

18. gate 40 mm 20 mm gate static joint line b a Fig.: 6.18 Chapter 6.2: Trempler, J.: Optical Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

19. axis ejector pin-points Fig.: 6.19 Chapter 6.2: Trempler, J.: Optical Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

20. 50 µm holes Fig.: 6.20 Chapter 6.2: Trempler, J.: Optical Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

21. 150 µm Fig.: 6.21 Chapter 6.2: Trempler, J.: Optical Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

22. 20 µm b a Fig.: 6.22 Chapter 6.2: Trempler, J.: Optical Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

23. 10 µm Fig.: 6.23 Chapter 6.2: Trempler, J.: Optical Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

24. directed dispersed diffuse Fig.: 6.24 Chapter 6.2: Trempler, J.: Optical Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

25. light beam polymer filler pigment Fig.: 6.25 Chapter 6.2: Trempler, J.: Optical Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

26. 1 2 3  1  2 Fig.: 6.26 Chapter 6.2: Trempler, J.: Optical Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition 1 – illumination equipment 2 – specimen 3 – measuring equipment

27. 1.00 0.95 0.90 0.85 0.80 0.75 0 100 200 300 400 500 0 trickled sand (g) PP PP/EPR copolymer PP + 40 wt.-% talc G/G Fig.: 6.27 Chapter 6.2: Trempler, J.: Optical Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

28. R a 1 a 2 b 50 µm b a Fig.: 6.28 Chapter 6.2: Trempler, J.: Optical Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

29. 700 650 630 610 600 590 580 570 560 550 540 530 520 510 500 490 485 480 470 460 440 380 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 x 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 y E K f Fig.: 6.29 Chapter 6.2: Trempler, J.: Optical Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

30. 20 µm 1 3 4 2 Fig.: 6.30 Chapter 6.2: Trempler, J.: Optical Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition 1 – matrix 2 – glass-fiber 3 – inclusions 4 – cavities

31. 50 µm b a Fig.: 6.31 Chapter 6.2: Trempler, J.: Optical Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

32. 20 µm Fig.: 6.32 Chapter 6.2: Trempler, J.: Optical Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

33. globar fixed mirror moving mirror beam splitter sample displacement x detector spectrum interferogram discrete Fourier transformation PC wave number (cm ) repley interference intensity mirror feed (mm s ) Fig.: 6.33 Chapter 6.2: Trempler, J.: Optical Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

34. n (cm ) T (%) 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 POM PE-LD deformation vibration (C H) C O C CH 3 2 3 2 O CH 3 C O CH 3 Fig.: 6.34 Chapter 6.2: Trempler, J.: Optical Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

35. b a c Fig.: 6.35 Chapter 6.2: Trempler, J.: Optical Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

36. ba 10 µm Fig.: 6.36 Chapter 6.2: Trempler, J.: Optical Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

37. Fig.: 6.37 Chapter 6.3: Schönhals, A.: Electrical and Dielectrical Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition n PPV PANI PTH PPY PPP PAC n N H n S n n Si Cu Fe PE PVC, PA n PTFE PS 10 6 4 2 0 -2 -4 -6 -8 -10 -12 -14 -16 -18 conductor semiconductor nonconductor NH  (S cm )

38.  ’   *   ’’ t D (t) E (t) E (t), D (t) b a Fig.: 6.38 Chapter 6.3: Schönhals, A.: Electrical and Dielectrical Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

39. A 2 V 1 3 2 3 1 h g d Fig.: 6.39 Chapter 6.3: Schönhals, A.: Electrical and Dielectrical Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition 1 – ground electrode 2 – measuring electrode 3 – guard-ring electrode d – diameter of measuring electrode g – width of guard gap h – specimen thickness

40. b a 10 10 14 10 10 10 10 300 320 340 360 380 T (K) 0 400 800 1200 measuring time (s)  (  cm) D PE PP 15 16 17 18 10 19 10 18 17  (  cm) D Fig.: 6.40 Chapter 6.3: Schönhals, A.: Electrical and Dielectrical Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

41. A 2 V 1 3 2 3 1 h g d Fig.: 6.41 Chapter 6.3: Schönhals, A.: Electrical and Dielectrical Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition 1 – ground electrode 2 – measuring electrode 3 – guard-ring electrode d – diameter of measuring electrode g – width of guard gap h – specimen thickness

42. a b A I V R R HI LO V Fig.: 6.42 Chapter 6.3: Schönhals, A.: Electrical and Dielectrical Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

43. ’’ 0 0 log (  /  ) p    =   S   S   log  ’   p = 2  f p Fig.: 6.43 Chapter 6.3: Schönhals, A.: Electrical and Dielectrical Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

44. 200 250 300 350 400 200 250 300 350 400 6 electrode polarisation log  ‘‘ 5 4 3 2 1 0 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 10 8 6 4 2 -3 -2 0 1 log  ‘ T (K) log (f (Hz))  relaxation  relaxation  relaxation  relaxation  relaxation conductivity a b Fig.: 6.44 Chapter 6.3: Schönhals, A.: Electrical and Dielectrical Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

45. C O O O CH 2 ( ) n C 2 O log tan  ’  -1.8 -2.0 -2.2 -2.4 -2.6 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.7 200 300 400 500  * f = 1 kHz T (K) Fig.: 6.45 Chapter 6.3: Schönhals, A.: Electrical and Dielectrical Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

46. 293.2 K 303.2 K 313.2 K 333.2 K 353.2 K 0.60 0.45 0.30 0.15 0.00 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 log (f (Hz)) ““ Fig.: 6.46 Chapter 6.3: Schönhals, A.: Electrical and Dielectrical Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

47. log  “ -10123456 -1.8 -1.6 -1.4 -1.2 -0.8 -0.6 log (f (Hz)) 279.3 K 390 K 372.5 K,, measured data HN - model function Fig.: 6.47 Chapter 6.3: Schönhals, A.: Electrical and Dielectrical Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

48. -2 0 2 4 6 8 2 3 4 5 1000/T (K ) 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 1000/T (K ) T g 5 4 3 2 1 0 -2 measured data VFT equation poly(dimethyl siloxane) PET relaxation, semicrystalline PET  VFT equation Arrhenius equation  relaxation, amorphous PET relaxation, semicrystalline PET  relaxation, amorphous PET  a b log (f (Hz)) p p Fig.: 6.48 Chapter 6.3: Schönhals, A.: Electrical and Dielectrical Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition PDMS

49. 10 1 -3 -5 -7 -9 -11 10 10 10 10 10 2 4 6 8 10 carbon black content (wt.-%) 0.1 0.075 0.050 0.030 0.020 0.015 0.0125 0.010 f (Hz)  ‘ (S cm ) Fig.: 6.49 Chapter 6.3: Schönhals, A.: Electrical and Dielectrical Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

50.  ‘ (S cm ) 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 10 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 f (Hz) 295 285 262 250 236 223 210 T (K) Fig.: 6.50 Chapter 6.3: Schönhals, A.: Electrical and Dielectrical Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

51. a b R S C S R P C P tan  =  R C Z*(  ) = R – i  C S S S S tan  = Z*(  ) = R – i  C R 1 +  R P P 2 P P 2 2  R C P P 1 Fig.: 6.51 Chapter 6.3: Schönhals, A.: Electrical and Dielectrical Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

52. sample capacitor specimen electrometer computer I (t) U pol relay Fig.: 6.52 Chapter 6.3: Schönhals, A.: Electrical and Dielectrical Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

53. generator S Z* R U* 1 2 precision capacitorspecimen I* S VSA K2VSA K1 precision capacitor current to voltage converter generator specimen S Z* I* S Z* x R I* R U* 1 2 + VSA K2 VSA K1 b a Fig.: 6.53 Chapter 6.3: Schönhals, A.: Electrical and Dielectrical Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

54. C U* precision capacitor generator variable amplitude phase generator specimen S U* I* 0 detector I* = 0 0 compensation impedance Z c I* S C P 1 S Z* Fig.: 6.54 Chapter 6.3: Schönhals, A.: Electrical and Dielectrical Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

55. specimen ideal specimen holder real specimen holder signal source bidirectional coupler incoming signal reflected signal V* in ref Fig.: 6.55 Chapter 6.3: Schönhals, A.: Electrical and Dielectrical Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

56. 200 150 100 50 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 t (s) polyester (thickness 40 µm) PS (thickness 80 µm) f = 50 Hz E (kV mm ) D Fig.: 6.56 Chapter 6.3: Schönhals, A.: Electrical and Dielectrical Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

57. 60° polymer surface platinum electrode drop generator  40 mm 4 mm Fig.: 6.57 Chapter 6.3: Schönhals, A.: Electrical and Dielectrical Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition