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2. Inflammation Inflammation - local accumulation of fluid and cells involved in the immune response - State of Inflammation is induced - increased swelling, pain, heat and redness. 1. Blood capillary dilation = heat = redness 2. Vascular dilation = swelling = pain 3.Extravasation - change in adhesiveness of the endothelial tissue allowing immune cells to attach and migrate into the connective tissue

3. Figure 1-11 part 1 of 2 Flowchart of Hematopoiesis Pluripotent stem cell

4. Figure 1-11 Flowchart of Hematopoiesis Leukocytes

5. Myeloid Lineage

6. Figure 1-9 part 3 of 6 Neutrophils: Most abundant Phagocyte Effector cells of Innate Immunity Short-lived - Pus Eosinophils: Worms/intestinal parasites Amplify inflammation Bind IgE Very Toxic - Pathogen and host Chronic asthma Basophils: Rare Unknown function Bind to IgE Granulocytes (Myeloid progenitor) Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMLs)

7. Circulate in blood Bigger than PMLs Look similar Immature form of macrophage Scavengers Phagocytose pathogens, cells, debris Secrete cytokines

8. Figure 1-13

9. Figure 1-14

10. Star-shape In tissue Cellular messenger Cargo cell Connective tissue Unknown progenitor Granules Degranulation major contributor to inflammation and allergies

11. Lymphoid Lineage Cells Large lymphocytes NK cells Innate immunity Small lymphocytes B cells T cells Adaptive immunity

12. Figure 1-9 part 2 of 6 Lymp Large lymphocyte with granular cytoplasm Effector cell of innate immunity

13. B cells have B cell receptors and secrete Ab T cells have T cell receptors Adaptive IR Small and immature Activated by pathogen Two types - B cell - T cell

14. Erythroid Lineage

15. Figure 1-9 part 6 of 6 Giant nucleus Resident of bone marrow Fusion of precursor cells Fragments to make platelets Gas transport Infected by Plasmodium falciparum

16. Figure 1-11 part 2 of 2 LymphoidMyeloidErythroid

17. Plasma Red blood cells White blood cells Centrifuged blood sample

18. Figure 1-12

19. 20 55H 45H

20. Figure 1-15 Sites of Lymphoid Tissue Primary and Secondary GALT, BALT, MALT Lymph Recirculation Mouth-3 billion neutrophils/day

21. Figure 1-16 Draining Lymph node Edema Afferent and Efferent

22. Figure 1-17 part 1 of 2

23. B-cell area (follicle)

24. Lymphocytes T-cell area artery Activated by dendritic cell T helper cell (lymph node) T helper cell (Infection site) Activate B cells Make Antibodies Activate Macrophages Cytotoxic T cell (Infection site) Kills infected host cells Lymphocyte not activated Efferent lymph Pathogen Dendritic cells Afferent lymph

26. Figure 1-19 Anatomy of immune function in the Spleen Blood filtering organ Blood borne pathogens Red pulp - red cells White pulp - Immune system

27. Figure 1-20 Activated lymphocytes M cells

29. Adaptive Immunity 1.Vertebrates only 2.Specificity - recognition modules - BCR, Ab and TCR - gene rearrangement is the source of diversity - clonal selection 3.Small lymphocytes - types and sub-types - functions

30. Recognition concept Receptor or Antibody molecule Antigen - structure recognized by an Ab, BCR or TCR Epitope - particular sub-structure of the Ag that is bound Affinity - how much a molecule likes to bind to a structure

31. B-cells BCR is Immunoglobulin (Ig) Plasma cells - effector cells that secrete Ab T-cells T c = cytotoxic (CD8+) T H = helper T-cells (CD4+) Th1 (inflammation) Th2 (help B-cells make AB) Small lymphocyte sub-types

32. Recognition modules of Adaptive immunity B cellsT cells

33. B-cellsT-cell

34. Figure 1-25 Intracellular pathogens Extracellular pathogens

35. Figure 1-26 MHC class I communicates with Tc cells

36. Figure 1-27 MHC class II communicates with T H cells

37. Parasite + Mast cell Inflammation Mast cell activated Expel and/or destroy pathogen Neutralization Opsonization 1.Inflammation Parasitic infection

38. Principles of Adaptive Immunity Diversity Specificity Memory Self-tolerance

39. Gene Rearrangement is the source of Diversity Germline configuration Diversity 1.Alternative combinations 2.Imprecise joints 3.Different types of chains 4.B-cells - somatic hypermutation In the absence of antigen

40. Clonal Selection 1.Each cell = one receptor 2.Millions of lymphocytes are generated 3.Small subset will recognize a pathogen 4.Proliferation and differentiation 5.Acquired immunity - the adaptive immunity provided by immunological memory

41. Figure 1-22

42. Figure 1-30

43. Polio Vaccine - Inactive vs Oral “live” version

44. Figure 1-28 Mechanism of Self-tolerance

45. Immunodeficiencies Inherited deficiencies Stress induced Pathogen caused deficiencies

46. Figure 1-32 IgE IgG CD4 T H 1 CD8 CTL Cells and molecules involved in Hypersensitivity Diseases

47. Figure 1-33 Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus

48. Figure 1-34