2. Chemistry of Water

3. I. Temperature A. Measure of the average kinetic energy possessed by the particles of a substance.

4. B. Phase Change Diagram

5. II. Specific Heat - amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance one degree Celsius. A. Heat is measured in calories. B. calorie - amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of water one degree Celsius.

6. III. Variations With Depth A. The temperature of the ocean also varies with depth. B. As depth increases, water temperature decreases. C. Drastic drop in temperature occurs between 200 and 1000 meters. D. Thermocline – layer of ocean between 200 and 1000 meters. D. Thermocline – layer of ocean between 200 and 1000 meters.

7. E. The Thermocline - Boundary that separates the warmer water from the colder, denser water below. Boundary that separates the warmer water from the colder, denser water below.

8. IV. The Effects of Temperature on Ocean Life A.Fish are more active than when the water temperature is high. B.Ectothermic animals - animals that adjust their internal body temperature as the temperature of the external environment changes.

9. V. Effects of Pressure on Ocean Life A.Osmoregulation – ability to maintain a constant osmotic pressure in the body. B.Osmosis – diffusion of water C.Diffusion – movement of molecules from an area of greater to lesser concentration.

10. VI. Carbon Cycle A. Carbon is the building block of all life on earth B. Carbon in the sea is mostly inorganic trapped in vast quantities of calcium carbonate on the sea floor.

11. C. Carbon dioxide is taken in by algae/plants during photosynthesis D. CO 2 returns to the water through respiration of animals and microbial decomposition respiration of animals and microbial decomposition E. Large exchange of CO2 between the atmosphere and the ocean. (dissolves and vaporizes)

12. E. Carbon-Oxygen Cycle Diagram

13. Balanced Carbon Cycle

14. Unbalanced Carbon Cycle: Makes the oceans acidic! CO2->Carbonic Acid

15. VII. Nitrogen Cycle A. Nitrogen is essential in producing amino acids (building blocks of proteins) B. Organic Nitrogen exists in three forms and requires bacteria in order to transfer among the three. C. Nitrate (NO 3 ), Nitrite (NO 2 ), and Ammonia (NH 3 )

16. D. Nitrogen Cycle Diagram

17. Nitrogen in the air animal protein dead plants & animals urine & feces ammonia nitrites nitrates plant made protein decomposition by bacteria & fungi bacteria (nitrifying bacteria) nitrates absorbed denitrifying bacteria root nodules (containing nitrogen fixing bacteria) nitrogen fixing plant eg pea, clover bacteria

18. VIII. Phosphorus Cycle A.Inorganic phosphorus erodes (dissolves) from rocks (sediment) B. Inorganic phosphorus is transformed by bacteria into organic phosphorus as it is absorbed into bacterial cells. C. Decomposition by bacteria releases phosphorus back into environment.

19. D. Phosphorus Cycle Diagram