2.  Nutrients from digestive tract to body cells  Oxygen from lungs to body cells  Wastes from cells to respiratory and excretory systems  Hormones to target tissues  Body temperature control – distributes heat

3.  Volume  Varies with body size – usually between 4-6 liters  Solid portion – RBS, WBC, & platelets – Fig. 11-1  Liquid portion – plasma (55% of blood volume)

4.  Characteristics  Biconcave disks; shape provides increased SA & places cell membrane close to internal parts  Contain hemoglobin – oxygen carrying protein  Mature RBC’s lack nucleus, but contain enzymes needed for energy releasing processes  Approx. 4-6 million/mm 3

5.  Destruction of RBC’s (last about 120 days)  Fragile & as they age they are damaged while moving through capillaries  Damaged cells are phagocytized by macrophages in the liver & spleen  Hb molecules are decomposed & the Fe they contain is conserved

7.  RBC production and its control (hematopoiesis)  During fetal development RBC’s are formed in yolk sac, liver & spleen; later produced by red bone marrow  Number remains relatively stable  Rate of RBC production is controlled by a negative feedback mechanism  Kidney & liver tissues experience oxygen deficiency  Tissues release erythropoietin  Erythropoietin travels to red bone marrow stimulating an increase in RBC production  As RBC numbers increase the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood rises  Oxygen concentration in kidney & liver increase and the release of erythropoietin decreases

9.  Types of WBC’s  Granulocytes – granules present in cytoplasm; include neutrophiles (phagocytize), eosinophi9ls, (defense against parasites), & basophils (inflammatory response)  Agranulocytes – monocytes & lymphocytes (humoral and cellular immune response)  Approx. 5,000 – 10,000/mm3; however the number of WBC’s may change as a result of infections, emotional disturbances or excessive loss of body fluids

11.  WBC’s may be stimulated by the presence of chemicals (histamine) released by damaged cells & many move toward these chemicals  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y3bOgdv V-_M (body’s response to an allergen) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y3bOgdv V-_M http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y3bOgdv V-_M  Neutrophils & monocytes phagocytize foreign particles  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7VQU28i tVVw&feature=related (phagocytosis – fig. 11- 5) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7VQU28i tVVw&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7VQU28i tVVw&feature=related

12.  Eosinophils kill parasites & help control inflammation & allergic reactions  Basophils release heparine – inhibits blood clotting  Lymphocytes produce antibodies that act against specific foreign substances  http://www.dnatube.com/video/194/Specific -Adaptive-immunity-humoral-and-cell- mediated (immune response) http://www.dnatube.com/video/194/Specific -Adaptive-immunity-humoral-and-cell- mediated http://www.dnatube.com/video/194/Specific -Adaptive-immunity-humoral-and-cell- mediated

13.  Fragments of giant cells that become detached & enter circulation  Help close breaks in blood vessels, Fig. 11-6  Approx. 130,000 – 360,000/mm 3  Hemostasis – stoppage of bleeding  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-- bZUeb83uU&feature=related (blood clotting) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-- bZUeb83uU&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-- bZUeb83uU&feature=related  Be familiar with the steps of blood clotting shown in the above link

15.  Liquid port of the blood that is composed of H 2 O and a mixture of organic & inorganic substances. It transports nutrients & gases, regulates fluid and electrolyte balance and helps maintain a stable pH.

16.  Antigens & antibodies Fig. 11-7  RBC membranes may contain antigens (agglutinogens) and blood plasma may contain antibodies (agglutinins)  Blood typing involves identifying the antigens present on the red cell membranes

17.  Type A blood  Type A antigen; type B antibody  Type B blood  Type B antigen; type A antibody  Type AB blood  Type A & B antigens; no antibodies  Type O blood  No antigens; A & B antibodies

19.  Adverse transfusion reactions are avoided by preventing the mixing of blood that contain the antigen with plasma that contains the corresponding antibody  Adverse reactions involve agglutination (clumping) of the RBC’s  For example – if RBC’s with antigen A are added to blood containing antibody A….. The antibodies react with the antigens of the RBC’s and cause them to clump together

21.  Rh antigens are present in the RBC membranes of Rh+ blood; they are absent in Rh- blood  No antibodies are present in RH+ blood (do not develop spontaneously)  Mixing Rh+ RBC’s with plasma that contains anti-Rh antibodies results in agglutination of the + cells

22.  Rh- woman becomes pregnant with her first Rh+ child  Pregnancy is uneventful, but at time of birth some Rh+ cells enter maternal circulation through damaged placental tissues  Maternal tissues produce anti-Rh antibodies  Second Rh+ child is conceived  Anti-Rh antibodies from the maternal circulation pass through the placental membranes & enter the fetal blood  Fetal blood agglutinates because of reaction with the anti-Rh antibodies