1. Blacks, Whites and New South Richard Jensen Sumter 2008

2. Blacks as 2 nd Class Citizens Loss of Political Power Segregation Poor services (schools) Sharecroppers Some Farm Owners Leaders: ministers & teachers

3. After Reconstruction 1872: “Liberal Republicans” revolt Populist revolt of poor white farmers fails (1890- 96) PLESSY V. FERGUSON (1896) Segregation ok’d by Supreme Court Disfranchisement (1890s)PLESSY V. FERGUSON (1896) Lynchings & racial violence (1890-1920)Lynchings NAACP formed (1906)NAACP

4. Heroic Image of KKK in “Birth of a Nation” movie 1913

5. Modernizers wanted to bring industry to South

6. Geography- 1 RURAL South “black belt” Cotton Also tobacco

7. Cotton Belt = Black Belt

8. Black Belt 1910

11. Then: Picking cotton by hand

12. Then: farmers bring in cotton crop

13. Today: machines do the work

14. South Carolina today Only 900 cotton farms left in the state 2006 2 million jobs in SC: –Factories: 260,000 (including 28,000 in textile mills) –Construction: 123,000 –Stores 370,000 –Education & health: 290,000 –Tourism 205,000 –Government 334,000 –Unemplyed 140,000 –recent Statisticsrecent Statistics

15. Tobacco Too

16. Moonshine & Lawlessness

17. Baptist & Methodist Churches Grow

18. Conditions in 1900 Most blacks in rural South –Segregation –Jim Crow –Most in poverty, but making gains –Education: little –Voting: no in deep South; yes in North; yes in border states –Lynchings and threats

19. Blacks as 2 nd Class Citizens Loss of Political Power Segregation Poor services (schools) Sharecroppers Some Farm Owners Leaders: ministers & teachers

20. Terminology: contested Colored (19c) –people of color (1980- ) Negro (1910-1960) “niggra” (polite South before 1960) Black (1960- ) African-American (1980- ) N-Word (very nasty term)

21. South, 1865-1940: Parallel Social Structure White South upper class middle class Farm owner working class tenants/ croppers Black South upper class middle class Farm owner working class tenants/ croppers underclass

22. Religious Structure Very high religiosity 65% Baptist, 20% Methodist –Also Catholic, Fundamentalist, Muslim own [segregated] churches dominant ministers –Adam Clayton Powell (1950s) –M L King (1960s) Blacks as Christlike victims –Must redeem whites from racism

23. Segregation Era 1880-1964 Exclusion from power & prestige Segregation: De Facto & De Jure –Supreme Court approves: Plessy v Ferguson, 1896 –schools, churches, jobs –GEOGRAPHICAL: “BLACK BELT” IN So, cities Politics: Age of White Supremacy –Disfranchisement, 1890-1915 –Lynchings during transition Economic Status: very poor

24. Disfranchisement 1890-1965 The attack: Blacks political corrupt; never learned republicanism; system must be purified Defense: racism is even worse form of corruption Result: blacks lose vote in deep South (1890- 1965)

25. Lynching

27. White Views 1890-1930 Black and Tans –continue interracial coalition Neo-Abolitionists –war not over till blacks get equality Paternalists –Blacks need education & economic independence before vote White Supremacists –zero toleration of black power

28. Black Leadership Disputes 1890-1930 Booker T. Washington, political leader –Atlanta speech, 1896 = accept segregation –Tuskegee Institute & industrial education –Work with T Roosevelt, Carnegie W.E.B. DuBois-- intellectual leader; NAACP –equality; liberal arts for “talented tenth” Marcus Garvey: Black Nationalism, 1920s

30. W E B DuBois

31. Marcus Garvey & Back to Africa 1920

32. Drafted into Army World War I

33. Migration: out of rural South