4. nitrogen in the bay The Chesapeake Bay Foundation says that nitrogen is the most serious pollution problem in the bay. Nitrogen was the only measure in the pollution section of the 2010 State of the Bay Report that had fallen since 2008. Nitrogen is one of the major causes of the large 'dead zones', composed of bacteria, which appear during the summer months in the Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries. We need to save our bay, and nitrogen is one of its biggest problems. Buffers are one of the best ways to fix it. Source 1 and 2

5. Lafayette River Research I have taken samples from 11 areas through a large section of the Lafayette River, a tributary of the Elizabeth River and the Chesapeake Bay. The measurements that these samples supplied were within a moderately healthy range, if not low: Ammonium Nitrogen Nitrate Nitrogen Nitrite Nitrogen pH 0.1 ppm0.25 ppm0.05 ppm7.0-7.5 Source 5

6. Research Four of these eleven areas also had a dirt trap set, which was left to rest for two to four weeks The dirt traps revealed a very low amount of free sediment in the water, which could be a sign of the success of the buffers at keeping it firmly locked in place. Source 5

7. research This may be a sign of improvement, but some of the numbers are very low. Also, the differences were not as pronounced as expected, as the sites were selected for their differences. There are many possible causes. There is little activity in the bay during the winter months Dead zones caused by nitrogen may use it, change it to other forms not previously measured, or release it to the air Buffers in the area could store the nitrogen in the ground The areas are close enough for water exchanges to create an equalizing effect Source 2 and 3

8. Ideas for the future Taking samples in other seasons, tides, and before and after rains Looking in other places around the Lafayette River, the Elizabeth River, and the Chesapeake Bay Researching the effect of dead zones on nitrogen levels and types Researching the effect of rains on nitrogen levels RESEARC H

9. Ideas for the future Financial incentives for buffers based on the research Higher incentives in areas of worse health/more danger Offering the best type of buffer for the area New plan for total acreage for the EPA and CBF, with incentives for completion and penalties for delays BUFFE RS Source 1 and 3

10. we can do this... Why not now?

11. Works Cited 1. CBF 2010 State of the Bay Report 1. http://www.cbf.org/document.doc?id=596 http://www.cbf.org/document.doc?id=596 2. CBF Nitrogen and Phosphorus Pollution 1. http://www.cbf.org/page.aspx?pid=913 http://www.cbf.org/page.aspx?pid=913 3. EPA Riparian Buffer Width, Vegetative Cover, and Nitrogen Removal Effectiveness 1. http://www.epa.gov/nrmrl/pubs/600R05118/600R05118.pdf http://www.epa.gov/nrmrl/pubs/600R05118/600R05118.pdf 4. VIrginia Cooperative Extension of VT Understanding the Science Behind Riparian Forest Buffers: Effects on Water Quality 1. http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/420/420-151/420-151.html http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/420/420-151/420-151.html 5. EPA Technical Factsheet on: NITRATE/NITRITE 1. http://www.epa.gov/ogwdw/pdfs/factsheets/ioc/tech/nitrates.pdf