1. Presentation Intro

2. The Single Salary Schedule: From Initial Intention to Current Conundrum James W. Guthrie Peabody Center for Education Policy Measuring What Matters- Paying for Teacher Quality September 14, 2009

3. Educator Compensation Reform I. Education’s Ever Evolving Policy Context I. Educator Pay Purposes and Justification I. Educator Pay Effectiveness

4. Education’s Ever Evolving Policy Context Perspective: Education’s Historic Minimal Role Globalization and the “New” Education Challenge “A Nation at Risk” and An Era of Sustained Reform No Child Left Behind and the New Accountability Nature and Frustration of Past Reforms Emergence of and Justification for Performance Pay

5. Inconclusive (But Expensive) Nature of Education Reforms Spectrum of Strategies Ever Increasing Spending Stagnant Results

6. The Nature and Frustration of Past (and Many Present) Reform Strategies “Intensification” (Following A Nation at Risk) Education Finance Reform (Equal Protection Strategy) Governance Changes (Latest is Mayoral Takeover) “Alignment” “Professionalization” Accountability Market Solutions School-based solutions Technology Out-of School-Solutions

7. Per Pupil Expenditures on the Rise

8. Enrollment and Employee Trends

9. Historical Teacher Salary Trends

10. Reading Scores over the same Time Frame

11. High School Graduation Rates

12. Employing More People: The Most Expensive Reform Strategy

13. The Message: A tremendous amount of resources in education are invested in people, and as such, it is imperative that the research, policy and practice communities ensure these funds are expended in ways that are aligned to our goals.

14. Proportion of education spending allocated to faculty and staff salaries across OECD nations.

15. StepBABA+6BA+12BA+18BA+24BA+30BA+36BA+42BA+48BA+54BA+60BA+66 134,13034,57435,01835,46235,90636,35036,79437,23837,68238,12638,57039,014 235,28035,72436,16836,61237,05637,50037,94438,38838,83239,27639,72040,164 336,43036,87437,31837,76238,20638,65039,09439,53839,98240,42640,87041,314 437,58038,02438,46838,91239,35639,80040,24440,68841,13241,57642,02042,464 538,73039,17439,61840,06240,50640,95041,39441,83842,28242,72643,17043,614 639,88040,32440,76841,21241,65642,10042,54442,98843,43243,87644,32044,764 741,03041,47441,91842,36242,80643,25043,69444,13844,58245,02645,47045,914 842,18042,62443,06843,51243,95644,40044,84445,28845,73246,17646,62047,064 943,33043,77444,21844,66245,10645,55045,99446,43846,88247,32647,77048,214 1044,48044,92445,36845,81246,25646,70047,14447,58848,03248,47648,92049,364 1145,63046,07446,51846,96247,40647,85048,29448,73849,18249,62650,07050,514 1246,78047,22447,66848,11248,55649,00049,44449,88850,33250,77651,22051,664 1347,93048,37448,81849,26249,70650,15050,59451,03851,48251,92652,37052,814 1449,08049,52449,96850,41250,85651,30051,74452,18852,63253,07653,52053,964 1550,23050,67451,11851,56252,00652,45052,89453,33853,78254,22654,67055,114 1651,38051,82452,26852,71253,15653,60054,04454,48854,93255,37655,82056,264 1752,53052,97453,41853,86254,30654,75055,19455,63856,08256,52656,97057,414 1853,68054,12454,56855,01255,45655,90056,34456,78857,23257,67658,12058,564 1954,83055,27455,71856,16256,60657,05057,49457,93858,38258,82659,27059,714 2055,98056,42456,86857,31257,75658,20058,64459,08859,53259,97660,42060,864 2157,13057,57458,01858,46258,90659,35059,79460,23860,68261,12661,57062,014 2258,28058,72459,16859,61260,05660,50060,94461,38861,83262,27662,72063,164 2359,43059,87460,31860,76261,20661,65062,09462,53862,98263,42663,87064,314 2460,58061,02461,46861,91262,35662,80063,24463,68864,13264,57665,02065,464 2561,73062,17462,61863,06263,50663,95064,39464,83865,28265,72666,17066,614 2662,88063,32463,76864,21264,65665,10065,54465,98866,43266,87667,32067,764 2764,03064,47464,91865,36265,80666,25066,69467,13867,58268,02668,47068,914 2865,18065,62466,06866,51266,95667,40067,84468,28868,73269,17669,62070,064 2966,33066,77467,21867,66268,10668,55068,99469,43869,88270,32670,77071,214 3067,48067,92468,36868,81269,25669,70070,14470,58871,03271,47671,92072,364 Single Salary Schedule

16. Why is it important to consider teacher effectiveness in our nation? Source: Kane, T.J., Rockoff, J.E., and Staiger, D.O. (2006). What Does Certification Tell Us About Teacher Effectiveness? Evidence from New York City. than between groups of teachers Why is it important to consider teacher effectiveness in our nation?

17. 1980’s Merit Pay and 21 st Century Performance Pay Comparisons Time Period/Condition 1980’s “Merit Pay”21st “Performance Pay” Locus of InitiativeDistrict AdministrationState and Federal Policy InducementsRhetorical/Bully Pulpit State and Federal Cost Sharing PoliticsLocal High Politics Executive/Legislative and Party Performance Measurement Idiosyncratic/Subjective Generally Objective (e.g., State Standards/State Tests Union PostureStrongly OpposedMixed Reward TargetIndividualIndividual and Collective Reward AmountTrivialTrivial to Significant Magnitude200 Local Districts Five + States/2,000 Local Districts Public VisibilityLowSubstantial

18. Elements of Educator Compensation

19. Award StrategyTarget Means for Determining Eligibility Form of Pay I. Student value-added reward Individual  Student test scores Annual bonus Base salary addition or acceleration II. Teacher appraisal-based reward Individual  Appraisals of teacher performance from multiple perspectives (peer, supervisor, self, student) and (possibly) knowledge and skills acquisition  Acquisition of attributes specified as helping district or school pursuit of higher student achievement Bonus Base salary addition or acceleration III. Whole-school reward (Inclusion of classified employees optional) Group  Student test scores  Teacher attendance  Other key target areas Annual bonus IV. Hard-to-staff schools and subject area shortages Individual  Market factors applied to specified shortage definitions Annual bonus V. Annualized salaryIndividual  Extra assignments over summer months Annual bonus Pay Differentiation Dimensions

20. Evidence of Results Private Sector Dominance Overseas Experiments Texas Results National Board of Professional Teaching Standards