1. Bell-Ringer Oops! Bell Ringer for today is the essays for the test from yesterday… Remember – your project is due Monday – and I don’t accept late projects!

2. Chapter 14, Section 1 “Church Reform and the Crusades”

3. I.Feudalism – decentralized social and political structure in which a weak monarchy attempts to control the lands of the realm through agreements with regional leaders A. Example: a king may grant land to a noble in exchange for military service B. Under feudalism, people were generally born into their place in society 1. nobility – “those who fought” a. Members of the wealthier landowning class b. Eligible for knighthood. Knights were supposed to follow a code of chivalry, exhibiting bravery and courage in service to their feudal lord, their heavenly Lord, & their lady 1. most knights did not follow this code

4. 2. clergy – “those who prayed” a. People of the Church b. Meant to be devout; most people that ended up as clergy were the younger sons of noble families & unable to inherit family property 3. peasants – “those who worked” a. People who worked for the nobility in exchange for a place to sleep – generally worked on the lord’s land as a farmer b. Many peasants able to move about as they pleased; serfs were tied to their lord’s land

7. II. The Age of Faith A. Problems in the Church 1. many village priests married (against Church rules) 2. Bishops sold positions – simony 3. kings appointed church bishops B. Reform and Church Organization 1. Pope Leo IX and Pope Gregory VII a. Enforced Church laws 2. Pope at head of Church a. advisors called papal Curia 1. canon law (Church law) a. marriage, divorce, inheritance 3. 1/10 tithe from Christian families a. perform social services; hospitals

8. C. New Religious Order 1. friars a. traveled, preaching Church’s ideas b. vows of chastity, poverty, & obedience c. owned nothing; lived by begging III. Cathedrals – Cities of God A. A New Style of Church Architecture 1. Gothic a. thrust upward as if reaching toward heaven b. stained glass windows, sculpture, wood- carvings

9. Cathedral of Notre Dame

10. IV. The Crusades A. Goals of the Crusades 1. reclaim Palestine (Holy Land) from Muslims 2. get rid of arguing knights who threatened peace 3. younger sons looking for land, position, & adventure 4. merchants made profit from loaning money B. The First and Second Crusades 1. 1097 – gathered at Constantinople a. no strategy b. no leader Saladinc. captured Jerusalem, 1099 d. 4 Crusader states carved out 2. 1144 – Turks recaptured Edessa (Crusader city) a. Crusaders tried to recapture city; unsuccessful b. Jerusalem fell to Muslim leader, Saladin

12. Christian Crusader Medieval Knight

13. C. The Third Crusade 1. recapture Jerusalem 2. led by Philip II, Frederick, & Richard the Lion-Hearted a. argued among each other b. Richard left to lead Crusaders 3. 1192 – truce a. Jerusalem remained under Muslim control b. unarmed Christians could visit city Richard the Lion-Hearted http://www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?SearchText=the+crusad es&Page=3&ID=348391&player=11

14. V. The Crusading Spirit Dwindles A. The Children’s Crusade 1. set out to conquer Jerusalem 2. 1212 – Stephen of Cloyes, 12 yrs. old a. 30,000 children under 18 yrs. joined b. armed only w/ faith in God c. not successful 3. Nicholas of Cologne a. 20,000 children & young adults b. many died while crossing Alps c. survivors met the pope, who told them to go home until older

15. Spain Granada controlled by Moors (Muslims)

16. B. A Spanish Crusade 1. Reconquista a. effort by Spanish to rid Spain of Muslims b. Muslims held only kingdom of Granada 1. Granada fell to Ferdinand & Isabella 2. Inquisition a. court held by Church to suppress heresy 1. all Jews & Muslims expelled from Spain Ferdinand and Isabella

17. The rack was a well-known torture method associated with inquisition. The subject had his hands and feet tied or chained to rollers at one or both ends of a wooden or metal frame. The torturer turned the rollers with a handle, which pulled the chains or ropes in increments and stretched the subject's joints, often until they dislocated. If the torturer continued turning the rollers, the accused's arms and legs could be torn off. Often, simply seeing someone else being tortured on the rack was enough to make another person confess.

18.  Strappado: The hands of the accused were tied behind his back and the rope looped over a brace in the ceiling of the chamber or attached to a pulley. Then the subject was raised until he was hanging from his arms. This might cause the shoulders to pull out of their sockets. Sometimes, the torturers added a series of drops, jerking the subject up and down. Weights could be added to the ankles and feet to make the hanging even more painful.

19. “Waterboarding” The toca, consisted of introducing a cloth into the mouth of the victim, and forcing them to ingest water spilled from a jar so that they had the impression of drowning.

20. VI. The Effects of the Crusades A. Women 1. managed affairs on estates, operate shops & inns B. Trade/Imported Goods 1. benefited both Christians & Muslims C. Lessened Power of the Pope 1. weakened feudal nobility, increased power of kings D. Bitterness Between Christians & Muslims

21. Daily Essential Questions 1.Name three problems faced by the Church. 2.What new style of architecture was used during the Middle Ages? 3. What were the causes of the Crusades? 4. What were the effects of the Crusades?