1. An experimental evaluation of continuous testing during development David Saff 2003 October 1 PAG group meeting

2. Overview Continuous testing automatically runs tests in the background to provide feedback as developers code. Previous work suggested that continuous testing would speed development We performed a user study to evaluate this hypothesis Result: Developers were helped, and not distracted

3. Outline Introduction Tools Built Experimental Design Quantitative Results Qualitative Results Conclusion

4. Continuous Testing Continuous testing uses excess cycles on a developer's workstation to continuously run regression tests in the background as the developer edits code. developer changes code system runs tests system notified about changes system notifies about errors

5. Previous Work Monitored two single-developer software projects A model of developer behavior interpreted results and predicted the effect of changes on wasted time: –Time waiting for tests to complete –Extra time tracking down and fixing regression errors

6. Previous Work: Findings Delays in notification about regression errors correlate with delays in fixing these errors. Therefore, quicker notification should lead to quicker fixes Predicted improvement: 10-15%

7. Introduction: Basic Experiment Controlled human experiment with 22 subjects. Each subject performed two unrelated development tasks. Continuous testing has no significant effect on time worked Continuous testing has a significant effect on success completing the task. Developers enjoy using continuous testing, and find it helpful, not distracting.

8. SECTION: Tools Built TODO: Put outline here once it is solid

9. JUnit wrapper WrapperJunit Test Suite Reorder tests Time individual tests Test Suite Results Remember results Output failures immediately Distinguish regressions from unimplemented tests Reorder and filter result text Results

10. Emacs plug-in On file save, or 15-second pause with unsaved changes, run a “shadow” compile and test. Display results in modeline: –“Compilation Errors” –“Unimpl Tests: 45” –“Regression Errors: 2” Clicking on modeline brings up description of indicated errors.

11. Modeline screenshots

12. Error buffer screenshot

13. Shadow directory The developer’s code directory is “shadowed” in a hidden directory. Shadow directory has state as it would be if developer saved and compiled right now. Compilation and test results are filtered to appear as if they occurred in the developer’s code directory.

14. Monitoring Developers who agree to the study have a monitoring plug-in installed at the same time as the continuous testing plug-in. Sent to a central server: –Changes to the source in Emacs (saved or unsaved) –Changes to the source on the file system –Manual test runs –Emacs session stops/starts

15. SECTION: Experimental Design TODO: Put outline here once it is solid

16. Participants Students in MIT’s 6.170 Laboratory in Software Engineering class. 107 total students 34 agreed participants 14 excluded for logistical reasons 20 successfully monitored 73 non-participants 25% (6) no tools 25% (5) compilation notification only 50% (9) compilation and test error notification (averages both tasks)

17. Demographics: Experience (1) Years… Mean …programming 2.8 …using Emacs 1.3 …using Java 0.4 …using IDE 0.2 Relatively inexperienced group of participants

18. Demographics: Experience (2) Usual environment:Unix 29%, Windows 38%, both 33%

19. Problem Sets Participants completed (PS1) a poker game and (PS2) a graphing polynomial calculator. PS1PS2 participants2217 written lines of code 150135 written methods 1831 time worked (hours) 9.413.2

20. Test Suites Students were provided with test suites written by course staff. Passing tests correctly was 75% of grade. PS1PS2 tests4982 initial failing tests 4546 running time (secs) 32 compilation time (secs) 1.4

21. Test Suites: Usage ParticipantsNon-participants waited until end to test 31%51% tested regularly throughout 69%49% Test frequency (minutes) for those who tested regularly mean2018 min73 max4060

22. Sources of data Quantitative: –Monitored state changes –Student submissions –Grades from TA’s Qualitative: –Questionnaire from all students –E-mail feedback from some students –Interviews and e-mail from staff

23. SECTION: Quantitative Results TODO: Put outline here once it is solid

24. Success Variables time worked: See next slide grade: as assigned by TAs. errors: Number of tests that the student submission failed. correct: True if the student solution passed all tests.

25. More variables: where students spent their time All time measurements used time worked, at a five-minute resolution: Some selected time measurements: –Total time worked –Ignorance time between introducing an error and becoming aware of it –Fixing between becoming aware of an error and fixing it :00:05:10:15:20:25:30:35:40:45:50:55:00 xxxxxx x = source edit

26. Treatment predicts correctness TreatmentNCorrect No tool1127% Continuous compilation 1050% Continuous testing 1878% p <.03

27. Other predictions Problem set predicts time worked On PS1 only, years of Java experience predicts correctness No other interesting predictions found at the p <.05 level No effect on working time seen –student time budgets may have had an effect.

28. Ignorance and fix time Ignorance time and fix time are correlated, confirming previous result. Chart shown for the single participant with the most regression errors

29. Errors over time Participants with no tools make progress faster at the beginning, then taper off; may never complete. Participants with automatic tools make steadier progress.

30. SECTION: Qualitative Results TODO: Put outline here once it is solid

31. Multiple-choice impressions (TODO: should be a chart?) (all answers given on a scale of +3 = strongly agree to -3 = strongly disagree) Continuous compilation (N=20) Continuous testing (N=13) The reported errors often surprised me 1.00.7 I discovered problems more quickly 2.00.9 I completed the assignment faster 1.50.6 I was distracted by the tool-0.5-0.6 I enjoyed using the tool1.50.6 The tool changed the way I worked 1.7

32. Questions about future use I would use the tool… YesNo …for the rest of 6.170 94%6% …for my own programming 80%20% I would recommend the tool to others 90%10%

33. How did working habits change? “I got a small part of my code working before moving on to the next section, rather than trying to debug everything at the end.” “It was easier to see my errors when they were only with one method at a time.” “The constant testing made me look for a quick fix rather than examine the code to see what was at the heart of the problem.”

34. Positive feedback “Once I finally figured out how it worked, I got even lazier and never manually ran the test cases myself anymore.” Head TA: “the continuous testing worked well for students. Students used the output constantly, and they also seemed to have a great handle on the overall environment.”

35. Pedagogical usefulness Several students mentioned that continuous testing was most useful when: –Code was well-modularized –Specs and tests were written before development. These are important goals of the class

36. Negative comments “Since I had already been writing extensive Java code for a year using emacs and an xterm, it simply got in the way of my work instead of helping me. I suppose that, if I did not already have a set way of doing my coding, continuous testing could have been more useful.” Some didn’t understand the modeline, or how shadowing worked.

37. Suggestions for improvement More flexibility in configuration More information about failures Smarter timing of feedback Implementation issues –JUnit wrapper filtered JUnit output, which was confusing. –Infinite loops led to no output. –Irreproducible failures to run. –Performance not acceptable on all machines.

38. SECTION: Conclusion TODO: Put outline here once it is solid

39. Threats to validity Participants were relatively inexperienced –2.8 years programming experience –Only 0.4 with Java –67% were not familiar with regression testing. –Can’t predict what effect of more experience would have been. This was almost a worst-case scenario for continuous testing: –Testing was easy. –Regression errors were unlikely

40. Future Work We can’t repeat the experiment: continuous testing helps, and we ethically can’t deny it to some students. Case studies in industry Extend to bigger test suites: –Integrate with Delta Debugging (Zeller) –Better test prioritization –Test factoring: making small tests from big ones.

41. Conclusion Continuous testing has a significant effect on developer success in completing a programming task. Continuous testing does not significantly affect time worked Most developers enjoy using continuous testing, and find it helpful.

42. The End Thanks to: –Michael Ernst –6.170 staff –participants

44. Introduction: Previous Work: Findings Finding 2: Continuous testing is more effective at reducing wasted time than: –changing test frequency –reordering tests Finding 3: Continuous testing reduces total development time 10 to 15%

45. Reasons cited for not participating Don't use Emacs45% Don't use Athena29% Didn't want the hassle60% Feared work would be hindered44% Privacy concerns7% Students could choose as many reasons as they wished. Other IDE’s cited, in order of popularity: Eclipse text editors (vi, pico, EditPlus2) Sun ONE Studio JBuilder

46. Variables that predicted participation Students with more Java experience were less likely to participate –already had work habits they didn’t want to change Students with more experience compiling programs in Emacs were more likely to participate We used a control group within the set of voluntary participants—results were not skewed.

47. Demographics: Experience (1) Years… MeanMinMax …programming 2.80.514.0 …using Java 0.40.02.0 …using Emacs 1.30.05.0 … using IDE 0.20.01.0

48. Problem Sets Participants completed several classes in a skeleton implementation of (PS1) a poker game and (PS2) a graphing polynomial calculator. PS1PS2 participants2217 total lines of code 882804 skeleton lines of code 732669 written lines of code 150135 written classes 42 written methods 1831 time worked (hours) 9.413.2

49. Test Suites Students were provided with test suites written by course staff. Passing tests correctly was 75% of grade. PS1PS2 tests4982 initial failing tests 4546 lines of code 32991444 running time (secs) 32 compilation time (secs) 1.4