1. 1 Classification

2. 2 What is Classification? Classification is the arrangement of organisms into orderly groups based on their similarities. Taxonomy is the scientific discipline that deals with classification. Taxonomists are scientists that identify & name organisms.

3. 3 Benefits of Classifying Accurately & uniformly names organisms. Accurately & uniformly names organisms. Prevents misnomers such as starfish & jellyfish that aren't really fish. Prevents misnomers such as starfish & jellyfish that aren't really fish. Uses the same language (Latin) for all names. Uses the same language (Latin) for all names. Sea”horse”??

4. 4 Confusion in Using Different Languages for Names

5. 5 Latin Names are Understood by all Taxonomists

6. 6 History of Classification 2000 years ago, the Greek philosopher, Aristotle developed the first widely accepted classification system. 2000 years ago, the Greek philosopher, Aristotle developed the first widely accepted classification system. Organisms were classified as either plants or animals. Organisms were classified as either plants or animals. (394-322 B.C.)

7. 7 He subdivided plants into three groups: herbs, shrubs, and trees. He subdivided plants into three groups: herbs, shrubs, and trees. He classified animals by their habitat -- land, sea, or air dwellers. He classified animals by their habitat -- land, sea, or air dwellers.

8. 8 Carolus Linnaeus 1707 – 1778 18th century Swedish botanist. Called the “Father of Taxonomy.” Developed naming system still used today.

9. 9 Carolus Linnaeus Developed the modern system of naming known as binomial nomenclature Developed the modern system of naming known as binomial nomenclature Two-word scientific name (Genus & species) Two-word scientific name (Genus & species)

10. 10 Standardized Naming Binomial nomenclature Binomial nomenclature Genus species Genus species Language: Latin Language: Latin Italicized in print Italicized in print Capitalize genus, but NOT species Capitalize genus, but NOT species Underline when writing Underline when writing Turdus migratorius American Robin

11. 11 Binomial Nomenclature

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13. 13 Classification Groups Taxon (taxa-plural) is a category into which related organisms are placed. Taxon (taxa-plural) is a category into which related organisms are placed. There is a hierarchy of groups (taxa) from broadest to most specific. There is a hierarchy of groups (taxa) from broadest to most specific. Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, species Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, species

14. 14 Hierarchy-Taxonomic Groups Domain Kingdom Phylum (Division – used for plants) Class Order Family Genus Species BROADEST TAXON

15. 15 Hierarchy-Taxonomic Groups

16. 16 King Phillip Came Over For Grape Soda!

17. 17 Modern Classification evolutionary relationships. Classification is based on evolutionary relationships. Phylogeny is the evolutionary history of a species. Phylogeny is the evolutionary history of a species.

18. 18 Basis for Modern Taxonomy Homologous structures (same structure, different function) Homologous structures (same structure, different function) Similar embryo development Similar embryo development Similarity in DNA, RNA, or amino acid sequence of Proteins Similarity in DNA, RNA, or amino acid sequence of Proteins

19. 19 Homologous Structures show Similarities in mammals.

20. 20 Similarities in Vertebrate Embryos

21. 21 Cladogram Diagram showing how organisms are related based on shared, derived characteristics such as feathers, hair, or scales.

22. 22 Broadest, most inclusive taxon Broadest, most inclusive taxon Three domains Three domains Archaea are extremophiles. Archaea are extremophiles. Eubacteria are unicellular prokaryotes (no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles) Eubacteria are unicellular prokaryotes (no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles) Eukarya are more complex and have a nucleus and membrane- bound organelles. Eukarya are more complex and have a nucleus and membrane- bound organelles. Domains

23. 23 Archaea live in harsh environments and may represent the first cells to have evolved. Sewage treatment plants, thermal vents, etc.

24. 24 Eubacteria, some of which cause human diseases, are present in almost all habitats on earth. Bacteria play an important role in the environment and food production. Live in the intestines of animals

25. 25 Domain Eukarya is Divided into four Kingdoms Protista (protozoans, kelp, amoebas…) Protista (protozoans, kelp, amoebas…) Fungi (yeasts, mushrooms …) Fungi (yeasts, mushrooms …) Plantae (multicellular plants) Plantae (multicellular plants) Animalia (multicellular animals) Animalia (multicellular animals)

26. 26 Protista Most are unicellular Most are unicellular Some are multicellular Some are multicellular Some are autotrophic, while others are heterotrophic Some are autotrophic, while others are heterotrophic

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28. 28 Fungi Multicellular, except yeast Multicellular, except yeast Absorptive heterotrophs (digest food outside their body & then absorb it) Absorptive heterotrophs (digest food outside their body & then absorb it) Cell walls made of chitin Cell walls made of chitin

29. 29 Plantae Multicellular Multicellular Autotrophic Autotrophic Absorb sunlight to make glucose – Photosynthesis Absorb sunlight to make glucose – Photosynthesis Cell walls made of cellulose Cell walls made of cellulose

30. 30 Animalia Multicellular Multicellular Ingestive heterotrophs (consume food & digest it inside their bodies) Ingestive heterotrophs (consume food & digest it inside their bodies) Feed on plants or animals Feed on plants or animals

31. Viruses—An Exception  A virus is a nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat.  Viruses do not possess cells.  Viruses cannot live on their own they need to live inside a host cell.  Are they living?

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35. 35 Dichotomous Keying Used to identify organisms Used to identify organisms Characteristics given in pairs Characteristics given in pairs Read both characteristics and either go to another set of characteristics OR identify the organism. Read both characteristics and either go to another set of characteristics OR identify the organism.

36. 36 Example of Dichotomous Key 1a Tentacles present – Go to 2 1b Tentacles absent – Go to 3 2a Eight Tentacles – Octopus 2b More than 8 tentacles – 3 3a Tentacles hang down – go to 4 3b Tentacles upright–Sea Anemone 4a Balloon-shaped body–Jellyfish 4b Body NOT balloon-shaped - 5