1. Taxonomy & Evolution-Part 1 Mrs. Rago

2. Organization  Why do we organize things?  How do we organize things?  Biologist do this through classification  Group objects or information

3. Taxonomy  Branch of biology that groups & names organisms  This is done based upon the different characteristics of each organism  The science of describing, naming, & classifying organisms  Allows us to organize groups of organisms with other organisms that have similar characteristics  Taxon  Also called Taxa (plural)  Any particular group within a taxonomic system

4. Early Taxonomists  Aristotle  Grouped organisms into 2 groups: plants & animals  Then subdivided plants into 3 groups: herbs, shrubs, trees & subdivided animals based upon where the animal lived or spent a great deal of time: on land, in the air, or in the water  This system worked for many organisms but was used only till another, better system was developed  Carolus Linnaeus  Swedish botanist  Grouped organisms based upon physical & structural similarities between different organisms  He also developed a two-word naming system= binomial nomenclature  Example: Homo sapiens (people), Felis catus (domestic cats)

5. The Linnaean System  Developed by Swedish naturalist Carolus Linnaeus  Groups organisms into categories based upon their form & structure  Could have done this by behavior or types of food that an organism eats.  Consists of a Hierarchy  Similar to a ladder or pyramid

7. Linnaean System  Hierarchy  Each level has smaller & smaller number of organisms in it

8. 6 different Kingdoms  Plants  Autotrophs, photosynthesis to make energy, most plants live on land  Animals  Multicellular, develop from embryos, heterotrophs, symmetrical body organization (most), most move around environment to capture food  Protista  Eukaryotes (multicellular) that are not plants, animals, or fungi  Fungi  Eukaryotes, heterotrophs, gain nutrients in a unique way  Archaebacteria  Ancient bacteria  Bacteria  Eubacteria (true bacteria)

9. Linnaean System  Kingdom  Phylum  Class  Order  Family  Genus  Species

10. Examples of Organization  Domain- Eukarya Eukarya  Kingdom- Animalia Animalia  Phylum- Chordata Chordata  Class- Mammalia Mammalia  Order- Carnivoria Carnivoria  Family- Felidae Canidae  Genus- Felis Canus  Species- Felis catus Canus lupus 12

11. Our mystery animals Felis catus Canus lupus

12. Binomial Nomenclature  Linnaeus gave an organism 2 names  1 genus name & a species name  This is an organisms scientific name  Example: Homo sapiens (People); Felis catus (domestic cat); Canis lupus familiaris (domestic dog)  Latin is the language of Scientific names  Dead language

13. Dichotomous Key  Uses pairs of contrasting, descriptive statements to lead to the identification of an organism (or other object)  Can be used to tell different plants apart  Poison ivy

14. What differences can you see?

16. How could a dichotomous key be useful?  Medicine  Botany  Amateur Gardener

17. Arthropods  Appendages  Body segments such as legs & antennae  Chitin  Makes up the arthropod’s exoskeleton  Exoskeleton  Skeleton on outside of body covers the skin  Compound eye  Many lens

18. Mammals  Endoderms  Maintain constant body temperature  Hair  Completely divided heart (four-chamber heart)  Produce milk for their young  Single jawbone  Compared to reptile’s jaw which is made up of many bones  Specialized teeth  Teeth to crush, grind, slice, cut, hold prey, or crush

19. Reptiles  Heart has 2 atria & single ventricle that is partially divided by a septum  Ectotherms  Regulate internal temperature by absorbing heat from surroundings  Reproduce by laying eggs

20. Fish  Reproduce by releasing eggs & sperm into water  Gills to process oxygen from water  Cartilaginous bones

21. Amphibians  Skin is permeable to water & oxygen  Also breathe through lungs in addition to their skin  Most species lay eggs in water & have an aquatic larval stage  Examples: frogs, toads, & salamanders

22. Birds  Feathers  Wings  Lightweight rigid skeleton  Endothermic  Most efficient respiratory system of any terrestrial vertebrate (air sacs occupy large portion of abdominal cavity- just store air & reduce bird’s density)  Beak  Lay eggs in hard shell