2.  Definitions  Causes  Characteristics  Difficulties  Treatments  Adaptations

3.  Cleft spine, which is an incomplete closure in the spinal column.  Spina Bifida Occulta: (mild).  Spina Bifida Meningocele: (moderate).  Spina Bifida Myelomeningocele: (Server).

4.  Doctors not sure of exact cause  Both genetic and environmental factors.  Folic acid deficiency.  medicines, that treat epilepsy  Excessive alcohol use  Exposure to certain chemicals.  Exposure to high temperatures.  Having diabetes.  Obesesity.

5.  Impairs the senses  Muscle weakness or paralysis below incomplete closure  affects nerves found in the muscles of the bladder, urethra, and the rectum.  Hydrocephalus  Abnormal development lower brain.  Clubfoot

6.  Difficulty with paying attention.  Difficulty grasping reading writing and math.  Difficulty in locomotor and mobility movements.

7.  No cure for spina bifada  Treatment includes surgery, medication, and physical therapy.  Spina Bifida Occulta- do not even know they have it.  Meningocele- physical therapy and medication.  Myelomeningocele- requires surgery

8.  Assistive devices: braces, crutches, or wheelchairs.  Spina Bifida Occulta- can function regularly  Meningocele- wear protective braces but can participate in activities.  Myelomeningocele- will need: braces/ crutches/ wheelchairs to get around.

9.  Definitions  Causes  Characteristics  Difficulties  Treatments  Adaptations

10.  Mildest Form of Spina Bifida-  Moderate Form of Spina Bifida-  Server Form of Spina Bifida- Spina Bifida Occulta Spina Bifida Meningocele Spina Bifida Myelomeningocele

11.  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PqUDdxm- qSA&feature=PlayList&p=6127470F795BDB9A &playnext=1&playnext_from=PL&index=4 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PqUDdxm- qSA&feature=PlayList&p=6127470F795BDB9A &playnext=1&playnext_from=PL&index=4

12.  Cox, Linda. (2001). Spina Bifida Facts Sheet. December 6, 1991. Spina Bifida National Research Agenda. http://www.pecentral.org/adapted/factsheets/spinabifida.ht m.  Dunn, M. J., & Leitschum, A. C. (2006). Special Physical Education. (8 th ed.). Dubuque, IA: Kendall/ Hunt Publishing.  Farrell, M. (2008). Educating special children An introduction to provision for pupils with disabilities and disorders. New York: Routledge.  Auxter, D., Pyfer, J., & Huettig, C. (2001). Principles and methods of adapted physical education and recreation. Boston: McGraw-Hill.