1. MECN 4110: Mechanisms Design Mechanisms Design MECN 4110 Professor: Dr. Omar E. Meza Castillo omeza@bayamon.inter.edu http://facultad.bayamon.inter.edu/omeza Department of Mechanical Engineering

2. MSP21 Universidad Interamericana - Bayamón MECN 4110: Mechanisms Design Hand on Practice Topic 3: Graphical Linkage Synthesis 2 One thing you learn in science is that there is no perfect answer, no perfect measure. A. O. Beckman

3. MSP21 Universidad Interamericana - Bayamón MECN 4110: Mechanisms Design Chapters Objectives  Up on completion of this chapter, the student will be able to Involve both synthesis and analysis in the engineering design. Explore some simple synthesis techniques to enable you to create potential linkage design solutions for some typical kinematic applications. 3

4. MSP21 Universidad Interamericana - Bayamón MECN 4110: Mechanisms Design QUALITATIVE SYNTHESIS  The creation of potential solutions in the absence of a well- defined algorithm which configures or predicts the solution and also judge its quality.  Several tools and techniques exist to assist you in this process. The traditional tool is the drafting board, on which you layout, to scale, multiple orthographic views of the design, and investigate its motions by drawing arcs, showing multiple positions, and using transparent, movable overlays.  Commercially available programs such as SolidWork and Working Model allow rapid analysis of a proposed mechanical design. The process then becomes one of qualitative design by successive analysis which is really an iteration between synthesis and analysis. 4

5. MSP21 Universidad Interamericana - Bayamón MECN 4110: Mechanisms Design TYPE SYNTHESIS  The definition of the proper type of mechanism best suited to the problem and is a form of qualitative synthesis.  This is perhaps the most difficult task for the student as it requires some experience and knowledge of the various types of mechanisms which exist and which also may be feasible from a performance and manufacturing standpoint.  Remember, an engineer can do, with one dollar, what any fool can do for ten dollars. Cost is always an important constraint in engineering design. 5

6. MSP21 Universidad Interamericana - Bayamón MECN 4110: Mechanisms Design QUALITATIVE SYNTHESIS OR ANALITICAL SYNTHESIS  The generation of one or more solutions of a particular type which you know to be suitable to the problem, and more importantly, one for which there is a synthesis algorithm defined.  As the name suggests, this type of solution can be quantified, as some set of equations exists which will give a numerical answer. 6

7. MSP21 Universidad Interamericana - Bayamón MECN 4110: Mechanisms Design DIMENSIONAL SYNTHESIS  The determination of the proportions (lengths) of the links necessary to accomplish the desired motions and can be a form of quantitative synthesis if an algorithm is defined for the particular problem, but can also be a form of qualitative synthesis if there are more variables than equations. 7

8. MSP21 Universidad Interamericana - Bayamón MECN 4110: Mechanisms Design MECHANISM SYNTHESIS: TWO APPROACHES 8

9. MSP21 Universidad Interamericana - Bayamón MECN 4110: Mechanisms Design FUNCTION, PATH, AND MOTION GENERATION 9

10. MSP21 Universidad Interamericana - Bayamón MECN 4110: Mechanisms Design LIMITING CONDITIONS  The manual, graphical, dimensional synthesis techniques presented in this chapter and the computerizable, analytical synthesis techniques are reasonably rapid means to obtain a trial solution to a motion control problem. Once a potential solution is found, it must be evaluated for its quality. There are many criteria which may be applied. However, one does not want to expend a great deal of time analyzing, in great detail, a design which can be shown to be inadequate by some simple and quick evaluations.  TOGGLE: One important test consist in to check that the linkage can in fact reach all of the specified design positions without encountering a limit or toggle position, also called a stationary configuration. 10

11. MSP21 Universidad Interamericana - Bayamón MECN 4110: Mechanisms Design LIMITING CONDITIONS  The toggle positions are determined by the colinearity of two of the moving links. 11

12. MSP21 Universidad Interamericana - Bayamón MECN 4110: Mechanisms Design LIMITING CONDITIONS 12

13. MSP21 Universidad Interamericana - Bayamón MECN 4110: Mechanisms Design LIMITING CONDITIONS  TRANSMISSION ANGLE: The transmission angle μ is defined as the angle between the output link and the coupler. It is usually taken as the absolute value of the acute angle of the pair of angles at the intersection of the two links and varies continuously from some minimum to some maximum value as the linkage goes through its range of motion. 13

14. MSP21 Universidad Interamericana - Bayamón MECN 4110: Mechanisms Design LIMITING CONDITIONS  The optimum value for the transmission angle is 90°. When it is less than 45° the radial component will be larger than the tangential component. Most machine designers try to keep the minimum transmission angle above about 40° to promote smooth running and good force transmission. 14

15. MSP21 Universidad Interamericana - Bayamón MECN 4110: Mechanisms Design FOURBAR LINKAGE 15

16. MSP21 Universidad Interamericana - Bayamón MECN 4110: Mechanisms Design FOURBAR LINKAGE 16

17. MSP21 Universidad Interamericana - Bayamón MECN 4110: Mechanisms Design FOURBAR LINKAGE 17

18. MSP21 Universidad Interamericana - Bayamón MECN 4110: Mechanisms Design DIMENSIONAL SYNTHESIS Dimensional synthesis of a linkage is the determination of the proportions (lengths) of the links necessary to accomplish the desired motions.  TWO-POSITION SYSNTHESIS: Divided in two categories: 18

19. MSP21 Universidad Interamericana - Bayamón MECN 4110: Mechanisms Design DIMENSIONAL SYNTHESIS - Problem Example 3-1 Rocker Output – Two Positions with Angular Displacement. (Function Generation)  Design a fourbar Grashof crank-rocker to give 45 o of rocker rotation with equal time forward and back, from a constant speed motor input. 19

20. MSP21 Universidad Interamericana - Bayamón MECN 4110: Mechanisms Design DIMENSIONAL SYNTHESIS - Solution 1.Draw the output link O 4 B in both extreme positions, B 1 and B 2 in any convenient location, such that the desired angle of motion θ 4 is subtended. 2.Draw the chord B 1 B 2 and extend it in either direction. 3.Select a convenient point O 2 on line B 1 B 2 extended. 4.Bisect line segment B 1 B 2, and draw a circle of that radius about O 2. 5.Label the two intersections of the circle and B 1 B 2 extended, A 1 and A 2. 6.Measure the length of the coupler as A 1 to B 1 or A 2 to B 2. 7.Measure ground length I, crank length 2, and rocker length 4. 8.Find the Grashof condition. If non-Grashof, redo steps 3 to 8 with O 2 further from O 4. 20

21. MSP21 Universidad Interamericana - Bayamón MECN 4110: Mechanisms Design DIMENSIONAL SYNTHESIS 21

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31. MSP21 Universidad Interamericana - Bayamón MECN 4110: Mechanisms Design DIMENSIONAL SYNTHESIS - Problem Example 3-2 Rocker Output – Two Positions with Complex Displacement. (Motion Generation)  Design a fourbar linkage to move link CD from position C 1 D 1 to C 2 D 2. 31

32. MSP21 Universidad Interamericana - Bayamón MECN 4110: Mechanisms Design DIMENSIONAL SYNTHESIS - Solution 1.Draw the link CD in its two desired positions, C 1 D 1 and C 2 D 2, in the plane as shown. 2.Draw construction lines from point C 1 to C 2 and from D 1 to D 2. 3.Bisect line C 1 C 2 and line D 1 D 2 and extend their perpendicular bisectors to intersect at θ 4. Their intersection is the rotopole. 4.Select a convenient radius and draw an arc about the rotopole to intersect both lines θ 4 C 1 and θ 4 C 2. Label the intersections B 1 and B 2. 32

33. MSP21 Universidad Interamericana - Bayamón MECN 4110: Mechanisms Design DIMENSIONAL SYNTHESIS - Solution 33

34. MSP21 Universidad Interamericana - Bayamón MECN 4110: Mechanisms Design DIMENSIONAL SYNTHESIS - Solution 34

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38. MSP21 Universidad Interamericana - Bayamón MECN 4110: Mechanisms Design DIMENSIONAL SYNTHESIS - Solution 38

39. MSP21 Universidad Interamericana - Bayamón MECN 4110: Mechanisms Design DIMENSIONAL SYNTHESIS - Solution 39

40. MSP21 Universidad Interamericana - Bayamón MECN 4110: Mechanisms Design DIMENSIONAL SYNTHESIS - Solution 40

41. MSP21 Universidad Interamericana - Bayamón MECN 4110: Mechanisms Design DIMENSIONAL SYNTHESIS - Problem Example 3-3 Coupler Output – Two Positions with Complex Displacement. (Motion Generation)  Design a fourbar linkage to move link CD from position C 1 D 1 to C 2 D 2 (with moving pivots at C and D). 41

42. MSP21 Universidad Interamericana - Bayamón MECN 4110: Mechanisms Design DIMENSIONAL SYNTHESIS - Problem 42

43. MSP21 Universidad Interamericana - Bayamón MECN 4110: Mechanisms Design 43 ¿Preguntas? Comentarios

44. MSP21 Universidad Interamericana - Bayamón MECN 4110: Mechanisms Design 44 GRACIAS Picture from Robert L. Norton's fifth edition of DESIGN OF MACHINERY