1. MSC PES 1A 1 Physical Education Studies 1A Movement Principles

2. MSC PES 1A 2 Functional Anatomy Is the study of the body components required to achieve or perform a human movement or function. It is important to be familiar with the major parts of the skeletal and muscular systems, in order to be able to discuss how various sport techniques can be modified to suit the characteristics of the individual.

3. MSC PES 1A 3 Functions of the Skeleton The 3 major functions of the skeleton include: 1.Support 2.Protection 3. Movement

4. MSC PES 1A 4 The Skeleton Human skeleton comprises of over 200 bones, which are held together by tough fibrous bands called ligaments. 2 main sections 1.Axial Skeleton: made up of the skull, spine and thorax. Protects Vital organs. 2.Appendicular Skeleton: bones of the arms, legs, shoulder and pelvic girdles. Major function is movement.

5. MSC PES 1A 5 Axial & Appendicular Skeleton AxialAppendicular

6. MSC PES 1A 6 Types of Bones Short Bones: Carpals, Tarsals Long Bones: Humerus Flat Bones: Scapula Irregular Bones: Vertebrae

7. MSC PES 1A 7 Vertebral Column Each vertebra has a hollow centre through which the spinal cord travels Increase in size as they descend to support the weight of the body.

8. MSC PES 1A 8 Joints Ligaments: cross over joints and connect bone to bone. Joints: are the sites where bone meets bone. Are classified according to the amount of movement they permit.

9. MSC PES 1A 9 Types of Joints 1.Immovable or Fibrous: bone ends are fixed or fused together. 2.Slightly Movable or Cartilaginous: bone ends are separated by a disc or a plate of tough fibrous cartilage.

10. MSC PES 1A 10 Joints cont’d 3.Freely Movable or Synovial: bone ends are covered in cartilage, and the cavity of the joint contains a lubricating fluid (synovial). It is enclosed by a capsule of fibrous tissue and ligaments hold the bones together. Examples: Ball & Socket Joints, Hinge Joints, Gliding Joints, Saddle Joints, Pivot Joints and Ovoid Joints. www.scoi.com/anat.htm

11. MSC PES 1A 11

12. MSC PES 1A 12 Movement Allowed by Synovial Joints Flexion: bending, decreasing the angle between 2 bones. Extension: straightening, increasing the angle between 2 bones. Abduction: moving the bone away from the centreline of the body in either a vertical or horizontal plane. Adduction: moving the bone towards the centreline of the body in either a vertical or horizontal plane. Circumduction: moving the bone so that the end makes a circle. Rotation: moving the bone around its own longitudinal axis. Supination: moving the bones of the forearm so you have palms up. Pronation: moving the bones of the forearm so you have palms down.

13. MSC PES 1A 13 Movement Allowed by Synovial Joints Eversion: moving the sole of the foot outwards at the ankle. Inversion: moving the sole of the foot inwards at the ankle. Plantar flexion: moving the top of the foot away from the tibia, (pointing toes). Dorsiflexion: moving the top of the foot towards the tibia. Elevation: raising the shoulder girdle upwards in relation to the head. Depression: lowering the shoulder girdle downwards in relation to the head.

14. MSC PES 1A 14 Synovial Joint Movement