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2. 2 Epidural Space: out here between the dura mater and the bone The sub arachnoid space: contains the spinal fluid

3. 3

4. 4 Spinal Cord: Gray Matter Anterior Horn Posterior Horn Central Canal Posterior gray horns contain somatic and visceral sensory nuclei Anterior gray horns contain somatic motor nuclei Lateral gray horns (only located in the thoracic and lumbar segments) contain visceral motor nuclei

5. 5 Spinal Cord: White Matter Posterior White Column Lateral White Column Anterior White Column Anterior Median Fissure Each column contains tracts (axons) Ascending tracts carry sensory information from the body toward the brain Descending tracts carry motor commands to the spinal cord

6. What do we know about the nervous system? Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System Major Divisions Central (CNS) – the brain and spinal cord Peripheral (PNS) – the nerves connecting muscles and organs to the CNS

7. Nerves What do we know about the Peripheral Nervous System? 3 kinds of neurons sensory – sensory receptors motor – connected to muscles and organs interneurons – connection within the CNS

8. SympatheticParasympathetic Peripheral Nervous System What do we know about the Peripheral Nervous System? AutonomicSomatic How many cranial nerves? How many spinal nerves? 12 pairs 32 pairs

9. Muscle Motor Neuro n Interneuron Skin receptors Sensory Neuron Brain What do we know about the Somatic Nervous System? Controls both spinal cord Nerves to and from voluntary muscle & reflex movements Simplest reflex Reflex arc

10. What do we know about the Autonomic Nervous System? Two divisions SympatheticParasympathetic ControlsInvoluntary functions Pupils dilate EYES Pupils contract Decreases SALVATION Increases Perspires SKIN Dries Increases RESPERATION Decreases Accelerates HEART Slows Inhibits DIGESTION Activates Secrete stress hormones ADRENAL GLANDS Decrease secretion of stress hormones

11. Spinal Cord Brain What do we know about the Central Nervous System?

12. Brain has Hemispheres Left Hemisphere Corpus Callosum Right Hemisphere What do we know about the Brain? 2 Each Hemisphere is divided into 4 lobes Frontal Parietal Occipital Temporal

13. Sensory Information sent to hemisphere Left visual field Right visual field Optic nerves Corpus Callosu m Left Visual Cortex Right Visual Cortex What do we know about Contralateral organization? opposite Somatosensory CortexMotor Cortex Right Hemisphere controls of body Movement controlled by Motor cortex left side

14. Frontal Parietal Occipital Temporal What do we know about Localization of function? Frontal Parietal Occipital Temporal Motor, speech Somatosensory cortex hearing, memory balance, vision

15. Corpus Callosum What do we know about Corpus Callosum? Major (but not only) pathway between left & right hemispheres Aids Of left and right sides of body motor coordination Data received on one side can be processed in both hemispheres

16. What do we know about Nervous system damage? Can occur due to: Genetics (inherited) illness (viral or bacterial), congenital (birth defect), or injury Can affect: Central nervous system and/or peripheral nervous system

17. ALS causes progressive destruction of anterior horn motor neurons of the spinal column Leads to paralysis and death Genetic HD causes progressive degeneration of brain cells (neurons) in certain areas of the brain Leads to loss of motor control and intellectual faculties, emotional disturbances, and death

18. Polio means gray matter The polio virus causes inflammation of the gray matter in the anterior horn motor neurons. These neurons innervate muscles Symptoms: causes muscle paralysis Poliomyelitis Illness Syphilis Neurosyphilis can occur when syphilis infection goes untreated Areas of the brain can be damaged Symptoms: behavioral changes, mood swings, and progressive confusion

19. Congenital Results when the vertebrae form incompletely The spinal cord can be exposed or incompletely formed Symptoms: complete loss of function from point of defect Spina bifidaAnencephaly Results when the cerebrum fails to develop Symptoms: unable to hear, see, or process sensory input

20. How might damage to the peripheral nervous system present itself? Injury How might damage to the central nervous system present itself?

21. Which system is affected? Positive babinski Unable to speak Can’t shrug left shoulder Loss of bladder control Loss of memory Inability to move left leg Inability to feel heat PNS CNS CNS PNS PNS PNS CNS