2. Fin Location

3. Body Types Spiny-rayed fishSoft-rayed fish

4. Anal Fin The anal fin stabilizes fish while swimming It is located on the ventral side of the fish near the tail (posterior)

5. Pectoral Fins Pectoral fins allow fish to make sudden side-to- side direction changes Can also act as a brake to slow swimming speed Located on the lateral sides of fish

6. Pelvic Fins Stabilizes fish while swimming and allows for up and down movement Located on the bottom of the fish (ventral)

7. Caudal Fin The caudal fin is also known as the tail Functions to propel fish through the water.

8. Dorsal Fin(s) The dorsal fin helps to maintain balance while swimming Located on the top of a fish (dorsal)

9. Fins Spiny-rayed fish have two dorsal fins The first is hard and spiny, while the other is soft Soft-rayed fish have only one dorsal fin, which is soft Soft-rayed fish also have a small fin called the adipose fin by the tail Yellow Perch Brook Trout

10. Head All fish have: Two large eyes Wide field of vision Large mouth used to eat and breathe

11. Smell In front of the eyes are two slits called nares These have the same function as nostrils in humans  smelling Fish have an incredible sense of smell Trout have a sense of smell 500 to 800 times more acute than humans

12. Scales Nearly all fish have a layer of scales or bony plates protecting them These scales are covered in mucus This mucus protects the fish from infection and also aid in swimming This is also why fish are slippery when you try to pick them up Largemouth Bass

13. Lateral Line Line of sensory nerves extending the length of the fish Along the lateral line there are pores that connect through tubes to the lateral line Rainbow Trout

14. Lateral Line Cont. Within these tubes are hairs that vibrate after stimulation from a vibration or sound wave Allows fish to sense where vibrations are coming from Also aids in social behavior such as schooling

15. Gill Cover Also known as the operculum Hard bony plate that covers and protects gills Similar to how ribs protect lungs Fish can open on command, causing water to flush over gills (to breathe) http://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=XEIRlw5rCUk http://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=XEIRlw5rCUk

16. Fish Internal Anatomy Head: fish have a bony skull that protects the brain and gills

17. Fish Internal Anatomy Cont. Backbone: Fish are vertebrates, meaning they have a backbone that runs from the head to the caudal tail Spinal Cord: Within the backbone is the spinal cord, which connects the brain to the rest of the body

18. Fish Internal Anatomy Cont. Brain: Fish have very tiny brains in comparison to body size Most fish only have lobes for smell and sight Humans have lobes for smell, sight, thinking, and reasoning among others

19. Fish Internal Anatomy Cont. Ribs: Connected to the backbone are rows of ribs, which provide protection for the internal organs Heart: Unlike human hearts which have 4 chambers, fish hearts only have 2 chambers

20. Fish Internal Anatomy Cont. Stomach & Intestines Fish have a very basic digestive system composed of the stomach and intestines Digest food Absorb nutrients Push wastes towards anus

21. Fish Internal Anatomy Cont. The liver filters blood and removes toxins The kidney and urine bladder both collect salts and remove waste from the fish

22. How Do Fish Breathe? Fish can pump water over their gills using the operculum (gill cover) Gills are lined with blood vessels with very thin walls As the water rushes over these blood vessels, dissolved oxygen is diffused from the water (which has a higher concentration of D.O.) into the blood vessels (which has a lower D.O. concentration) As dissolved oxygen enters the blood vessels, carbon dioxide is also released

23. Some fish require more oxygen than others Trout tend to live in colder waters, since there is more oxygen available there Largemouth Bass tend to live in warmer waters, because they don’t need as much oxygen Cold water = more oxygen Warm water = less oxygen

24. Why Don’t Fish Sink? Fish have a specialized organ called the air bladder or swim bladder This bladder fills with air and acts like a buoy, keeping the fish from sinking Helps fish keep an upright position It also helps fish hear by magnifying sound