1. 8.1 The First President Objectives
What actions were taken to launch the new government?
How did Hamilton propose to strengthen the economy?

2. Precedent
Tradition
George Washington established precedents that all future Presidents would follow.

3. Presidential Requirements
natural-born citizens of the United States
at least thirty-five years old
must have been resident in the United States for at least fourteen years

4. President
Can be elected to 2 Terms for a total of 10 years

5. Cabinet
Made up of the heads (leaders) of the following departments and the Attorney General.
State Department
Secretary of State - Thomas Jefferson
Treasury Department
Secretary of Treasury - Alexander Hamilton
War Department
Secretary of War - Henry Knox
Attorney General - Edmund Randolph
Advise the President

6. Judiciary Act of 1789 Established a federal court system
13 district courts
3 circuit courts
State laws remain, but federal courts have power to reverse state decisions

7. National Debt
The amount of money the national government owes.

8. Bonds Paper notes promising to repay the money in a certain time.
During the American Revolution the government sold bonds to help pay for the war effort.
WWII War Bond

9. Speculator
A person who risks their own money with the hope of making a profit in the future.

10. Financial Problems
Should the government pay off its debt to other countries?
Should the government pay off its debt that it had borrowed from the people in the form of bonds?

11. National Debt Alexander Hamilton - pay off all debt
Pay off debt to other nations = improve the financial reputation and respect of the country
Pay off debt it owed its bond holders.
Pay off all state debts = would provide states with a vested interest in the success of the country

12. National Debt Opposition to Hamilton
Original bond owners had sold their bonds to speculators at less then the face value.
Southern states had less debt then Northern states and felt that it was unfair for them to have to pay the same as Northern states.

13. “Do Now” Write down and answer the following questions in your notes.
Speculators often bought old war bonds at 10 cents on the dollar and later sold them at full values, making huge profits.
A speculator buys a bond worth $ At 10 cents per dollar, how much did he pay for the bond? What was his profit?
If he bought 100 bonds what would his profit be?

14. Speculators profits How much did he pay What was his profit?
* $50.00 x .10 =?
= $5.00
What was his profit?
$50.00-$5.00 =
= $45.00
If he bought 100 bonds what would his profit be?
$45.00 x 100 =
=4,500.00

15. 8.2 Early Challenges Objectives
How did the federal government assert its power in the West?
Why did the United States try to stay out of European conflicts?

16. Neutrality not choosing a side
The United States tried to maintain its neutrality in the conflict between France and Britain.

17. Impressment Forcing people into military service
During Great Britain’s war with France, Great Britain used a policy of Impressment with American sailors.

18. “Do Now” In your notes, write down and answer the following questions.
How did the federal government assert its power in the West?
How did the United States try to stay out of European conflicts

19. How did the federal government assert its power over the west?
In the Battle of Fallen Timbers, Washington sent an army into Northwest territory
Army lead by Anthony Wayne defeated Shawnee Chief Blue jacket and his army.
Defeat crushed the Native Americans hopes of keeping their land
Treaty of Greenville 1795
Native Americans agreed to surrender most of the land in present-day Ohio

20. How did the United States try to stay out of European conflicts?
Washington issued the Proclamation of Neutrality
Prohibited American citizens from fighting in the French and British War
Barred French and British warships from American ports

21. How did the United States try to stay out of European conflicts?
Washington sent John Jay (U.S. Chief Justice) to England to negotiate a peaceful settlement to end British Impressment of U.S. sailors
Jay’s Treaty
Britain agreed to withdraw from American soil
Britain had to pay damage for ships they seized
American ships allowed to trade with British colonies in Caribbean
Settled all debts from before 1776
People not happy with Treaty
Treaty did not deal with the British policy of Impressment

22. Washington’s Farewell Address
Warned future leaders against…
Political Parties
Permanent Alliances

23. Political Parties Federalist Alexander Hamilton Democratic-Republican
Rule by wealthy class
Strong federal gov’t
British Alliance
National Bank
Protective tariffs
Democratic-Republican
Thomas Jefferson
Rule by the people
Strong state gov’t
French Alliance
State Bank
Free Trade

24. Partisan
To favor one side of an issue

25. Unconstitutional
When something is unconstitutional it is inconsistent with the Constitution.
In other words the Constitution does not allow it.

26. Implied Powers
Powers that were note expressly forbidden in the Constitution
Hamilton
Believed implied powers are powers that are to be used to help government carry out the expressed powers.
Thomas Jefferson & James Madison
Believed implied powers are powers that are to be used only when they are absolutely necessary to carry out the expressed powers

27. Caucus

28. Alien Immigrants living in the country who were not citizens.
1790’s many Europeans came to U.S.
Alien acts
Made it difficult for aliens (immigrants) to become citizens
Gave the President the power to throw anyone he wanted out of the United States

29. Sedition
Activities that are aimed at weakening established government.
Sedition act
Made it a crime to criticize the government

30. Alien and Sedition Acts
1798 U.S. congress passed laws to protect the nation;s security.
Laws came to be known as the Alien and Sedition Acts.

31. Alien and Sedition Acts
Naturalization Act - required immigrants to be residents of the U.S. for 14 years to be eligible for Citizenship.
Alien Acts - Allowed the president to imprison immigrants, or send those he considered dangerous out of the country.
Sedition Act - Made it a crime to speak, write, or publish “false, scandalous, and malicious” criticisms of the gov’t.
Led to the movement to allow states the power to overturn Federal Laws.

32. Nullify To legally overturn The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
Claimed that the Alien and Sedition acts were unconstitutional
Kentucky Resolution
Gave states the power to nullify federal laws if they were considered unconstitutional

33. States’ Rights
The principle that limits the federal government to those powers clearly assigned to it by the Constitution and reserving to the states all other powers not expressly forbidden to them.
Keep an eye out for the issue of States’ Rights as you read the next few Chapters.