2. EUROPE AFTER THE COLD WAR

3. Essential Question: In what ways has Europe changed in the post-Cold War era (1991 to present)?

4. In the 20 years after the Cold War ended, Europe experienced important changes

5. Eastern European nations were communist satellites During the Cold War, nations in Western Europe were democracies

6. As communism fell in Eastern Europe and the USSR from 1989 to 1991, nations created democratic governments and capitalist economies

7. In 1990, East Germany and West Germany reunified

8. Former Soviet states like Ukraine and Kazakhstan became nations

9. Since the 1950s, Western European nations encouraged trade through a “European Economic Community”

10. In 1992, this organization became known as the European Union (EU)

11. The EU Parliament regulates trade among 27 nations

12. In 1999, the EU created a common currency called the “Euro” that is used by most member nations Today, the Euro is the 2 nd most traded currency in the world

13. The EU has effectively created a common European economy

14. During the Cold War, the Western democracies formed the NATO military alliance to defend against aggression by the Soviet Union When the Cold War ended in 1991, Eastern European nations joined NATO

15. Today, NATO serves an important role in international peacekeeping and fighting terrorism Libya, 2011

16. Together, NATO and the EU serve major roles in protecting peace and security in Europe

17. Despite the successes of the EU and NATO, Europe’s most tragic failure was not stopping genocide after the break-up of Yugoslavia in the 1990s

18. Yugoslavia was a nation in the Balkans (a part of Southeastern Europe) that was created after World War I; it was comprised of several Slavic nations, such as Serbia and Bosnia

19. There are numerous ethnic and religious groups in the Balkans that have had conflicts for centuries; the area is so unstable and prone to warfare, the Balkans have been called “The Powderkeg of Europe”

20. After World War II, Yugoslavia was led by communist dictator Josip Broz Tito

21. Tito was at times brutal and iron-fisted, but under his rule, the old ethnic conflicts among the various Balkan nations were not allowed to continue

22. When Tito died in 1980, the old ethnic conflicts in the Balkans slowly began to start again

23. By the time the Cold War ended, ethnic nationalism had increased so much that the various ethnic groups began to break away from Yugoslavia to form their own nations Yugoslavia’s government had become dominated by Serbians

24. Croatia and Slovenia declared their independence The Serbian-led Yugoslav army fought with both new republics, but they remained free from Yugoslavia

25. Bosnia- Herzegovina tried to break away from Yugoslavia in 1992 Muslim Bosnians and Croats living in Bosnia were in favor of independence Serbians living in Bosnia were against breaking away from Serbian- led Yugoslavia

26. In 1992, the Serbian leader Slobodan Milosevic declared war on Bosnia

27. Milosevic ordered the Yugoslav military to execute “ethnic cleansing” on Bosnia “Ethnic cleansing” is ridding a nation of certain ethnic groups; in this case the victims of the cleansing were Bosnian Muslims

28. From 1992 to 1995, Serbians fought and murdered over 100,000 Bosnian Muslims and Croats

29. Concentration camp From 1992 to 1995, Serbians fought and murdered over 100,000 Bosnian Muslims and Croats

30. Concentration camp From 1992 to 1995, Serbians fought and murdered over 100,000 Bosnian Muslims and Croats

31. Concentration camp From 1992 to 1995, Serbians fought and murdered over 100,000 Bosnian Muslims and Croats

32. Emaciated and tortured Bosnian victims

33. Members of the Serbian paramilitary forces who are responsible for the genocide

34. A seven year old Bosnian boy who was shot to death by a Serbian sniper

36. By 1995, United Nations peacekeepers intervened and brought an end to the Bosnian War

37. Charged with crimes against humanity and war crimes, Milosevic’s trial began in 2002 However, Milosevic died in jail in 2006 before the trial could conclude

38. In 1998, violence broke out again in the Balkans when war began in Kosovo (a part of Serbia made up almost entirely of ethnic Albanians)

39. The Serbian military used force against the Kosovo rebellion, again committing atrocities Ethnic Albanians in Serbia declared independence, wanting to form a new nation in Kosovo

40. The conflict ended in 1999 when NATO began bombing the Serbian military; the Serbians withdrew from Kosovo

41. THE ECONOMIC CRISIS

42. As of 2013, the National Debt is $16 trillion$16 trillion

43. What is a trillion dollars? $10,000 A packet of one hundred $100 bills is less than 1/2″ thick and contains $10,000. Fits in your pocket easily and is more than enough for week or two of shamefully decadent fun.

44. Believe it or not, this next little pile is $1 million dollars (100 packets of $10,000). You could stuff that into a grocery bag and walk around with it.

45. While a measly $1 million looked a little unimpressive, $100 million is a little more respectable. It fits neatly on a standard pallet…

46. And $1 BILLION dollars… now we’re really getting somewhere…

47. Next we’ll look at one trillion dollars. This is that number we’ve been hearing so much about. What is a trillion dollars? It’s a million million. It’s a thousand billion. It’s a one followed by 12 zeros.

48. Currently, the largest problem in Europe is the debt crisis A growing number of European nations are unable to pay their debts Since 2010, Greece, Italy, Ireland, Spain, and Portugal received bailouts from European governments

51. American Debt Videos ■ U.S. Debt Ceiling In Focus: What happens if we default? (2.48) http://abcnews.go.com/GMA/video/us-debt- ceiling-in-focus-13346143 http://abcnews.go.com/GMA/video/us-debt- ceiling-in-focus-13346143 ■ American Debt: How much is $13 trillion? (2.07) http://abcnews.go.com/WNT/video/13- trillion-counting-10791961 http://abcnews.go.com/WNT/video/13- trillion-counting-10791961