1. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh Edition Solomon Berg Martin Chapter 21 The Evolution of Primates

2. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 21 The Evolution of Primates Mammals Endothermic Body hair Feed young with milk from mammary glands Most are viviparous

3. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 21 The Evolution of Primates Placental mammals Placenta exchanges materials between mother and fetus Newborns are more developed than marsupials

4. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 21 The Evolution of Primates Primates Five grasping digits Opposable thumb or toe Long, freely moving limbs Eyes in front of the head Relatively large brain

5. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 21 The Evolution of Primates Primate hands and feet

6. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 21 The Evolution of Primates Suborder Prosimii Lemurs Suborder Tarsiiformes Tarsiers Suborder Anthropoidae Monkeys, apes, humans

7. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 21 The Evolution of Primates Primate evolution

8. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 21 The Evolution of Primates Anthropoids Old and new world monkeys Apes and humans Hominoids Apes –Gibbons –Orangutans –Gorillas –Chimpanzees Humans

9. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 21 The Evolution of Primates New world monkey Old world monkey

10. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 21 The Evolution of Primates Hominids Humans Extinct human ancestors

11. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 21 The Evolution of Primates Differences between ape and human skeletons Human adaptations for bipedal life on the ground –Complex curvature of the spine –Shorter, broader pelvis –Foramen magnum at base of skull –First toe aligned with other toes

12. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 21 The Evolution of Primates Human and gorilla skeletons

13. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 21 The Evolution of Primates Human and gorilla heads

14. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 21 The Evolution of Primates Sahelanthropus tchadensis 6-7 mya May be the earliest known hominid Discovered in 2002

15. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 21 The Evolution of Primates Australopithecines Bipedal Ardipithecus ramidus Australopithecus anamensis Australopithecus afarensis Australopithecus africanus

16. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 21 The Evolution of Primates An interpretation of hominid evolution

17. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 21 The Evolution of Primates Homo habilis Appeared 2.3 mya Human features not found in australopithecines Slightly larger brain Stone tools

18. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 21 The Evolution of Primates Homo erectus Appeared 1.7 mya in Africa Larger brain than Homo habilis More sophisticated tools Maybe clothing, fires, shelters

19. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 21 The Evolution of Primates Homo erectus skull

20. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 21 The Evolution of Primates Archaic Homo sapiens Appeared 800,000 years ago Overlapped Homo erectus populations in Africa, Asia, and Europe and later Neandertals

21. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 21 The Evolution of Primates Neandertals Appeared 230,000 years ago Short, sturdy builds receding chin and forehead Heavy supraorbital ridge Larger front teeth May be a separate species

22. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 21 The Evolution of Primates Homo sapiens Appeared 100,000 years ago in anatomically modern form Lacked heavy brow ridge Prominent chin Complex weapons and tools European Homo sapiens known as Cro-Magnons

23. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 21 The Evolution of Primates Out-of-Africa hypothesis H. sapiens evolved from African H. erectus 200,000 to 100,000 ya Migrated to Europe and Asia Displaced more primitive humans

24. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 21 The Evolution of Primates Multiregional hypothesis Modern humans evolved from separate populations in Africa, Asia, and Europe ~2 mya Populations evolved separately but also interbred One species with regional variations that still exist

25. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 21 The Evolution of Primates

26. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 21 The Evolution of Primates Molecular anthropology Comparison of biological materials from modern populations Mitochondrial DNA Generally supports the Out-of- Africa hypothesis

27. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 21 The Evolution of Primates Cultural evolution Transmission of knowledge across generations Enabled by large brain size Agriculture Industry Rapidly expanding population had degraded the environment