1. WP3: Identifying & quantifying the main driving forces of ecosystem changes influencing the aquaculture sector and developing the appropriate environmental indicators ECASA meeting Paris 6-8/4/2005

2. participants

3. Objectives-1 ΞTo identify and quantitatively assess the role and the relative importance of the different forcing factors: (aquaculture, fisheries, pollution, eutrophication, habitat destruction etc.) and environmental variations affecting the water quality in aquaculture zones and the major ecosystem services provided Issues to be covered ΞSources of Nutrient discharge ΞSources of Organic material ΞOther sources of pollution ΞHabitat destruction (fisheries, harbours, other development) ΞAlien species introduced ΞChanges in sedimentation regime ΞOther relevant factors of regional importance ΞTo identify and quantitatively assess the role and the relative importance of the different forcing factors: (aquaculture, fisheries, pollution, eutrophication, habitat destruction etc.) and environmental variations affecting the water quality in aquaculture zones and the major ecosystem services provided Issues to be covered ΞSources of Nutrient discharge ΞSources of Organic material ΞOther sources of pollution ΞHabitat destruction (fisheries, harbours, other development) ΞAlien species introduced ΞChanges in sedimentation regime ΞOther relevant factors of regional importance

4. Objectives-2 ΞTo suggest the best methods for obtaining reference levels and associated indicators useful to monitor the impact of anthropogenic factors on aquaculture ΞLosses and risks for aquaculture ΞA. Known (ask stakeholders?) ΞB. Likely (from your experience) Issues ΞHABs ΞWeather conditions and other physical factors ΞAccidents (eg oil spils,) ΞPoor water quality ΞParasites. Disease due to external factors ΞPredation by wild life (beards, seals, crocodiles etc) ΞTo suggest the best methods for obtaining reference levels and associated indicators useful to monitor the impact of anthropogenic factors on aquaculture ΞLosses and risks for aquaculture ΞA. Known (ask stakeholders?) ΞB. Likely (from your experience) Issues ΞHABs ΞWeather conditions and other physical factors ΞAccidents (eg oil spils,) ΞPoor water quality ΞParasites. Disease due to external factors ΞPredation by wild life (beards, seals, crocodiles etc)

5. Objectives -3 ΞTo identify indicators of incompatibilities between uses and/or minimal distances required to avoid conflicts over environmental issues Issues ΞUrban centers ΞTourist development zones ΞIndustrial areas ΞArchaeological sites ΞHarbours ΞAgricultural areas ΞFacilities for the Navy and other military uses ΞOther of regional importance ΞProvide regulations in force ΞComments on efficiency ΞTo identify indicators of incompatibilities between uses and/or minimal distances required to avoid conflicts over environmental issues Issues ΞUrban centers ΞTourist development zones ΞIndustrial areas ΞArchaeological sites ΞHarbours ΞAgricultural areas ΞFacilities for the Navy and other military uses ΞOther of regional importance ΞProvide regulations in force ΞComments on efficiency

6. Objectives- 4 & 5 ΞTo assess indicators of the interactions between aquaculture and other major uses of the coastal zone (fisheries, tourism & recreation, shipping etc) ΞThis is a synthesis issue that will be done after collecting the national/regional reports ΞTo identify potential ways for measuring the additional cost caused by external environmental change. ΞDavid will obtain all the reports and will do his best ΞTo assess indicators of the interactions between aquaculture and other major uses of the coastal zone (fisheries, tourism & recreation, shipping etc) ΞThis is a synthesis issue that will be done after collecting the national/regional reports ΞTo identify potential ways for measuring the additional cost caused by external environmental change. ΞDavid will obtain all the reports and will do his best

7. Deliverables Report of the scoping meeting on pressures and interactions and the methodology to be used Results of analyses for interactions and associated costs to specific users Report of the scoping meeting on pressures and interactions and the methodology to be used Results of analyses for interactions and associated costs to specific users

8. methodology The WP team will: Ξ Review the existing published information on water quality of marine coastal areas. Ξ Compile information from existing sources and models to address the relative importance of different sources of pressure in a series of typical coastal environments. Ξ The areas of concern will be identified in a scoping workshop and subsequent effort will be targeted on issues of major importance. Ξ Additional data will be gathered to document interactions using time-series analysis, as well as economic valuation techniques. The WP team will: Ξ Review the existing published information on water quality of marine coastal areas. Ξ Compile information from existing sources and models to address the relative importance of different sources of pressure in a series of typical coastal environments. Ξ The areas of concern will be identified in a scoping workshop and subsequent effort will be targeted on issues of major importance. Ξ Additional data will be gathered to document interactions using time-series analysis, as well as economic valuation techniques.

9. The intensity of pressures vary from place to place, as does the vulnerability of different ecosystems Ξ Coral reefs - eutrophication, sediments, overfishing, destructive fishing, reef mining, the aquarium and curio trade, diseases. Ξ Wetlands - reclamation and development, including landfills. Ξ Seagrass beds - siltation, coastal development, eutrophication, physical disturbance. Ξ Coastal lagoons - reclamation, pollution. Ξ Mangroves - excessive exploitation, clearing for reclamation, development and aquaculture. Ξ Shorelines - development, modification of habitats, erosion. Ξ Watersheds - deforestation, soil erosion, pollution, loss of habitats. Ξ Estuaries - reduced water flows, siltation, pollution. Ξ Small islands - changes in sea level, waste manage-ment, pollution. Ξ Continental shelves - pollution, fishing, dredging, navigation. Ξ Semi-enclosed seas - pollution, coastal development, fishing. Source: GESAMP (2001) A Sea of Troubles. 40pp (http://gesamp.imo.org/no70/report.pdf) Ξ Coral reefs - eutrophication, sediments, overfishing, destructive fishing, reef mining, the aquarium and curio trade, diseases. Ξ Wetlands - reclamation and development, including landfills. Ξ Seagrass beds - siltation, coastal development, eutrophication, physical disturbance. Ξ Coastal lagoons - reclamation, pollution. Ξ Mangroves - excessive exploitation, clearing for reclamation, development and aquaculture. Ξ Shorelines - development, modification of habitats, erosion. Ξ Watersheds - deforestation, soil erosion, pollution, loss of habitats. Ξ Estuaries - reduced water flows, siltation, pollution. Ξ Small islands - changes in sea level, waste manage-ment, pollution. Ξ Continental shelves - pollution, fishing, dredging, navigation. Ξ Semi-enclosed seas - pollution, coastal development, fishing. Source: GESAMP (2001) A Sea of Troubles. 40pp (http://gesamp.imo.org/no70/report.pdf)

10. Effects of the environment on Aquaculture: Sources Munday B., Eleftheriou A., Kentouri M., Divanach P. (1992) The interactions of Aquaculture and the environment. Report prepared for the Commission of EC, DG Fish. (particularly pages 9-35) IOC-GOOS (2001) The Final Design Plan for the HOTO Module of GOOS. GOOS Report No. 99, IOC/INF-1167, UNESCO 2001 (available on the web as: GOOS_099_HOTO_design_plan_3.pdf) GESAMP (IMO/FAO/UNESCO-IOC/WMO/WHO/IAEA/UN/UNEP Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection), (2001). Planning and management for sustainable coastal aquaculture development. Rep.Stud.GESAMP,68: 90p. GESAMP (IMO/FAO/UNESCO-IOC/WMO/WHO/IAEA/UN/UNEP Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection) (2001). A sea of troubles. Rep. Stud. GESAMP, 70: 35p. (http://gesamp.imo.org/no70/report.pdf) ICES WGEIM (1997) report (ICES, CM 1997/F:2, Weymouth, Dorset, UK, March 1-5, 1997) - Not found yet Munday B., Eleftheriou A., Kentouri M., Divanach P. (1992) The interactions of Aquaculture and the environment. Report prepared for the Commission of EC, DG Fish. (particularly pages 9-35) IOC-GOOS (2001) The Final Design Plan for the HOTO Module of GOOS. GOOS Report No. 99, IOC/INF-1167, UNESCO 2001 (available on the web as: GOOS_099_HOTO_design_plan_3.pdf) GESAMP (IMO/FAO/UNESCO-IOC/WMO/WHO/IAEA/UN/UNEP Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection), (2001). Planning and management for sustainable coastal aquaculture development. Rep.Stud.GESAMP,68: 90p. GESAMP (IMO/FAO/UNESCO-IOC/WMO/WHO/IAEA/UN/UNEP Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection) (2001). A sea of troubles. Rep. Stud. GESAMP, 70: 35p. (http://gesamp.imo.org/no70/report.pdf) ICES WGEIM (1997) report (ICES, CM 1997/F:2, Weymouth, Dorset, UK, March 1-5, 1997) - Not found yet

12. HABS in West central Atlantic

13. Τoxic algal blooms source: ICES/IOC (IFREMER)

14. Τoxic algal blooms PSP Τoxic algal blooms PSP source: ICES/IOC (IFREMER)

15. Τoxic algal blooms DSP Τoxic algal blooms DSP source: ICES/IOC (IFREMER)

16. Τoxic algal blooms ASP Τoxic algal blooms ASP source: ICES/IOC (IFREMER)

17. Τoxic algal blooms Animal and plant mortalities Τoxic algal blooms Animal and plant mortalities source: ICES/IOC (IFREMER)

18. Aquaculture losses (number of cases/events)

20. Aquaculture losses (% damage value)

21. Aquaculture losses (number of cases/events)

22. Aquaculture losses per area (number of cases/events)

23. Aquaculture losses per area (% damage value)

24. Interactions: the HOTO table IOC-GOOS (2001) The Final Design Plan for the HOTO Module of GOOS. GOOS Report No. 99, IOC/INF-1167, UNESCO 2001

25. HOTO table interactions HOTO table interactions strength 1:Strong 2:Moderate 3:Low strength 1:Strong 2:Moderate 3:Low 1: pathogens strongly affect Aquaculture 1: wastes strongly affect nutrients Direction

26. Interactions: the HOTO table IOC-GOOS (2001) The Final Design Plan for the HOTO Module of GOOS. GOOS Report No. 99, IOC/INF-1167, UNESCO 2001

27. Suggestion for modification of HOTO table Addition of rows Revision of columns Split aquaculture in FF and SF Identification of changes in relation to area/habitat Identification of changes with reference to spatial scales Addition of rows Revision of columns Split aquaculture in FF and SF Identification of changes in relation to area/habitat Identification of changes with reference to spatial scales

28. Addition of rows e.g.

29. objectives ΞTo identify and quantitatively assess the role and the relative importance of the different forcing factors: (aquaculture, fisheries, pollution, eutrophication, habitat destruction etc.) and environmental variations affecting the water quality in aquaculture zones and the major ecosystem services provided ΞTo suggest the best methods for obtaining reference levels and associated indicators useful to monitor the impact of anthropogenic factors on aquaculture ΞTo assess indicators of the interactions between aquaculture and other major uses of the coastal zone (fisheries, tourism & recreation, shipping etc) ΞTo identify potential ways for measuring the additional cost caused by external environmental change. ΞTo identify indicators of incompatibilities between uses and/or minimal distances required to avoid conflicts over environmental issues ΞTo identify and quantitatively assess the role and the relative importance of the different forcing factors: (aquaculture, fisheries, pollution, eutrophication, habitat destruction etc.) and environmental variations affecting the water quality in aquaculture zones and the major ecosystem services provided ΞTo suggest the best methods for obtaining reference levels and associated indicators useful to monitor the impact of anthropogenic factors on aquaculture ΞTo assess indicators of the interactions between aquaculture and other major uses of the coastal zone (fisheries, tourism & recreation, shipping etc) ΞTo identify potential ways for measuring the additional cost caused by external environmental change. ΞTo identify indicators of incompatibilities between uses and/or minimal distances required to avoid conflicts over environmental issues

30. Tasks (until 15 May) Data from Insurance companies (#cases and value) for each country/area Input from local producers and their associations regarding Risks and sources of damage Identification of main environmental factors affecting Aquaculture Identification of major environmental issues in your area and factors contributing to that Rank factors depending on their importance Comments (ca 3 pages) on HOTO-Table and regional significance of each interaction Data from Insurance companies (#cases and value) for each country/area Input from local producers and their associations regarding Risks and sources of damage Identification of main environmental factors affecting Aquaculture Identification of major environmental issues in your area and factors contributing to that Rank factors depending on their importance Comments (ca 3 pages) on HOTO-Table and regional significance of each interaction

31. FINE