1. Environmental Science: Toward a Sustainable Future Richard T. Wright
Chapter 12
Energy from Fossil Fuels
PPT by Clark E. Adams

2. Energy from Fossil Fuels
Energy sources and uses
Exploiting crude oil
Other fossil fuels
Fossil fuels and energy security

3. The Fossil Fuel Dilemma
Primary source of energy for transportation
Supports a drill, spill, and kill legacy
More sustainable alternatives are available

4. Energy Sources and Uses
Harnessing energy sources: an overview
Electrical power production
Matching sources to uses

5. Harnessing Energy Sources: An Overview
Slaves
Domestic animals
Wind and water
Steam (ships and locomotives)
Gasoline (internal combustion followed by turbine engine)
Nuclear

6. Energy Consumption in the United States
Sequence of use
Wood
Water (steam)
Coal
Natural gas
Oil
Nuclear power
3, 4, and 5 = 83.5% of U.S. energy consumption

7. Global Primary Energy Supply

8. Energy Consumption in the United States

9. Electrical Power Production: The Beginning
Michael Faraday 1831

12. Weekly Electrical Demand Cycle

14. Match Dominant Primary (Left) with Secondary (Right) Energy Sources
oil-based fuels
natural gas
coal
nuclear power
transportation
industrial processes
space heating and cooling
generation of electrical power

15. Exploiting Crude Oil How fossil fuels are formed
Crude-oil reserves versus production
Declining U.S. reserves and increasing importation
Problems of growing U.S. dependency on foreign oil

16. Crude-Oil Reserves versus Production
Estimated reserves: educated guesses about the location and size of oil or natural gas deposits
Proven reserves: how much oil can be economically obtained from the oil field
Production: withdrawal of oil or gas from the oil field

17. How Fossil Fuels Are Formed: Part I

18. How Fossil Fuels Are Formed: Part II

19. Oil Production and Consumption in the United States

20. Cost of Oil Imports

21. Cost of Oil Imports

22. Increased or Decreased since the 1970s?
Consumption of fuels derived from oil
Discoveries of new oil in the United States
Production of oil in the United States
The gap between production and consumption
United States dependence on foreign oil

23. Increased or Decreased because of Higher Cost of Oil Imports?
Rate of exploratory drilling and discovery of oil
Renewed production from old oil fields
Efforts toward fuel conservation
Consumption
Development of alternative energy sources
Dependence on foreign oil

24. Increased or Decreased because of Collapse in Oil Prices?
Rate of exploratory drilling and discovery of oil
Renewed production from old oil fields
Efforts toward fuel conservation
Consumption
Development of alternative energy sources
Dependence on foreign oil

25. Consumption, Domestic Production, and Imports of Petroleum Products

26. What a Barrel of Persian Gulf Oil Really Costs U.S. Consumers
$30 in initial costs
+ $61 for military support services
= $91 per barrel of oil

27. Problems from Foreign Oil Dependency
Variations in cost of purchases
Threat of supply disruptions
Limitations of nonrenewable resource

28. Impacts of Foreign Oil Dependence
Trade imbalances
Military actions
Pollution of oceans
Coastal oil spills

29. Hubbert Curves of Oil Production
Oil production follows a bell-shaped
curve and will peak around 2010.

30. U.S. oil production would peak (1970s)
Hubbert Predictions
U.S. oil production would peak (1970s)
Dependence on OPEC oil will increase

31. Who Has the Oil?
Reserves
North America
75.7
South and Central America
89.5
Western Europe
18.9
Former Soviet Countries
58.9
Middle East
673.6
Africa
75.4
Far East and Oceania
43.0
Total
1,033.2

32. Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries: OPEC
Algeria
Indonesia
Iran
Iraq
Kuwait
Libya
Nigeria
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
United Emirates
Venezuela

33. Natural gas – 50-year supply Coal – 400-year supply
Other Fossil Fuels
Natural gas – 50-year supply
Coal – 400-year supply
Oil shales and oil sands – complex extraction technologies

35. U.S. Coal Deposits

37. Which Fossil Fuel Ranks the Highest in the Following Categories?
Natural gas
Coal
Synfuels
Oil shales
Oil sands
Air pollution
Cost of extraction
Proven reserves
Greenhouse effect
Habitat alteration
Cost competition with current oil prices

38. Carbon (CO2) Emission Per Capita

39. Electrical Power from Burning Coal Advantages or Disadvantages?
Pollution from secondary energy source
Pollution from primary energy source
Habitat alterations
Environmental effects of mining
Conversion losses

40. Primary and Secondary Effects from Burning Coal
Global Warming
Acid Rain
Smog
Burning Coal = CO2 + SO + H20 + Ash +
(CxHxSxOx) Light + Noise + Heat

41. Fossil Fuels and Energy Security
Security threats
Supply-side policies
Demand-side policies
Development of non-fossil-fuel energy sources

42. Security Threats
Oil dependence: relies too much on OPEC cartel and volatile Persian Gulf states
Energy infrastructure: vulnerable to terrorist attacks
Global climate change: greenhouse gas emissions

43. Supply or Demand-side Policies?
Opening ANWAR to oil and gas exploration and production
Strategies to satisfy energy needs with minimum expenditure of energy and environmental impacts

44. The Potential of the Conservation Reserve
An oil field that has the potential production of
6 million barrels per day, is three times the size
of the Alaskan oil field,
and its exploitation will
NOT adversely effect
the environment.

45. The Elements of the Conservation Reserve
Increasing fuel efficiency in cars (CAFÉ)
Cogeneration (CHPs)
Use fluorescent lights
Increase home insulation

46. Combined Heat and Power: Cogeneration

47. Energy Efficient Lightbulbs

48. End of Chapter 12