1. PMIT-6102 Advanced Database Systems By- Jesmin Akhter Assistant Professor, IIT, Jahangirnagar University

2. Class Test -02 Solution It is not guaranteed that all the solutions are correct.

3. Tutorial Q 1. Briefly describe the correctness of Fragmentation. 2. What is the basic difference between Primary horizontal fragmentation and Derived horizontal fragmentation with an example. 3. Write an iterative algorithm that would generate a complete and minimal set of predicates Pr ’ from a given a set of simple predicates Pr. 4. Show the reconstruction of Hybrid Fragmentation. 5. Describe Allocation Model. 6. Draw the Generic Layering Scheme for Distributed Query Processing. Slide 3

4. Site 1Site 2Site 3Site 4Site 5 EMP 1 =  ENO≤“E3” (EMP)EMP 2 =  ENO>“E3” (EMP) ASG 2 =  ENO>“E3” (ASG) ASG 1 =  ENO≤“E3” (ASG) Result Site 5 Site 1Site 2Site 3Site 4 ASG 1 EMP 1 EMP 2 ASG 2 result 2 =(EMP 1   EMP 2 ) ENO  DUR>37 (ASG 1  ASG 1 ) Site 4 result = EMP 1 ’  EMP 2 ’ Site 3 Site 1Site 2 EMP 2 ’ =EMP 2 ENO ASG 2 ’ EMP 1 ’ =EMP 1 ENO ASG 1 ’ ASG 1 ’ =  DUR>37 (ASG 1 )ASG 2 ’ =  DUR>37 (ASG 2 ) Site 5 ASG 2 ’ ASG 1 ’ EMP 1 ’ EMP 2 ’ 7. We assume that relations EMP and ASG are horizontally fragmented. Fragments ASG1, ASG2, EMP1, and EMP2 are stored at sites 1, 2, 3, and 4,respectively, and the result is expected at site 5. Two strategy are given bellow: Which strategy is better? (a) Strategy A (b) Strategy B Slide 4 Tutorial Q

5. 1. Briefly describe the correctness rules of Fragmentation. Correctness rules of Fragmentation There are the following three rules during fragmentation, which, together, ensure that the database does not undergo semantic change during fragmentation. Completeness  Decomposition of relation R into fragments R 1, R 2,..., R n is complete if and only if each data item in R can also be found in some R i  This property, which is identical to the lossless decomposition property of normalization  it ensures that the data in a global relation are mapped into fragments without any loss Slide 5 Answer 01:

6. Correctness of Fragmentation Reconstruction  If relation R is decomposed into fragments F R ={R 1, R 2,..., R n }, then there should exist some relational operator ∇ such that R = ∇ Ri,  The reconstructability of the relation from its fragments ensures that constraints defined on the data in the form of dependencies are preserved. Slide 6

7. Correctness of Fragmentation Disjointness  If relation R is horizontally decomposed into fragments F R ={R 1, R 2,..., R n }, and data item d j is in R j, then d j should not be in any other fragment R k (k ≠ j ).  This criterion ensures that the horizontal fragments are disjoint.  If relation R is vertically decomposed, its primary key attributes are typically repeated in all its fragments (for reconstruction).  Therefore, in case of vertical partitioning, disjointness is defined only on the non-primary key attributes of a relation. Slide 7

8. What is the basic difference between Primary horizontal fragmentation and Derived horizontal fragmentation. Give an example both of them. Answer 02: Primary horizontal fragmentation of a relation is performed using predicates that are defined on that relation. Derived horizontal fragmentation is the partitioning of a relation results from predicates being defined on another relation. Slide 8

9. Primary Horizontal Fragmentation PROJ1 =  LOC=“Montreal” (PROJ) PROJ2 =  LOC=“New York” (PROJ) PROJ3 =  LOC=“Paris” (PROJ) Slide 9 Primary Horizontal Fragmentation of Relation PROJ

10. EMP 1 = EMP ⋉ SKILL 1 EMP 2 = EMP ⋉ SKILL 2 where SKILL 1 =  SAL≤30000 (SKILL) SKILL 2 =  SAL>30000 (SKILL) ENOENAMETITLE E3A. LeeMech. Eng. E4J. MillerProgrammer E7R. DavisMech. Eng. EMP 1 ENOENAMETITLE E1J. DoeElect. Eng. E2M. SmithSyst. Anal. E5B. CaseySyst. Anal. EMP 2 E6L. ChuElect. Eng. E8J. JonesSyst. Anal. Slide 10 Derived Horizontal Fragmentation

11. Answer 03: COM_MIN Algorithm Given:a relation R and a set of simple predicates Pr Output:a complete and minimal set of simple predicates Pr' for Pr Rule 1:a relation or fragment is partitioned into at least two parts which are accessed differently by at least one application. Slide 11 Write an iterative algorithm that would generate a complete and minimal set of predicates Pr ’ from a given a set of simple predicates Pr.

12. COM_MIN Algorithm  Initialization :  find a p i  Pr such that p i partitions R according to Rule 1  set Pr' = p i ; Pr  Pr – {p i } ; F  {f i }  Iteratively add predicates to Pr' until it is complete  find a p j  Pr such that p j partitions some f k defined according to minterm predicate over Pr' according to Rule 1  set Pr' = Pr'  {p j }; Pr  Pr – {p j }; F  F  {f j }  if  p k  Pr' which is nonrelevant then Pr'  Pr' – {p k } F  F – {f k } Slide 12

13. To reconstruct the original global relation in case of hybrid fragmentation, one starts at the leaves of the partitioning tree and moves upward by performing joins and unions. Slide 13 Show the reconstruction of Hybrid Fragmentation. Answer 04: Reconstruction of Hybrid Fragmentation

14. General Form min(Total Cost) subject to response time constraint storage constraint processing constraint Decision Variable Describe Allocation Model. Answer 05: Allocation Model x ij  1 if fragment F i is stored at site S j 0 otherwise Slide 14

15. Total Cost Storage Cost (of fragment F j at S k ) We choose a different approach in our model of the database allocation problem (DAP) and specify it as consisting of the processing cost (PC) and the transmission cost (TC). Thus the query processing cost (QPC) for application qi is: processing component + transmission component Allocation Model (unit storage cost at S k )  (size of F j )  x jk query processing cost  all queries  cost of storing a fragment at a site all fragments  all sites  Slide 15

16. Allocation Model Query Processing Cost  Processing component PC, consists of three cost factors  the access cost (AC) + the integrity enforcement cost (IE) + the concurrency control cost (CC)  Access cost o The first two terms calculate the number of accesses of user query qi to fragment Fj. o We assume that the local costs of processing them are identical. o The summation gives the total number of accesses for all the fragments referenced by qi. Multiplication by LPC k gives the cost of this access at site S k. o We again use x ij to select only those cost values for the sites where fragments are stored.  Integrity enforcement and concurrency control costs o Can be similarly calculated (no. of update accesses+ no. of read accesses)  all fragments  all sites  x ij  local processing cost at a site Slide 16

17. Query Processing Cost Transmission component cost of processing updates + cost of processing retrievals  In update queries it is necessary to inform all the sites where replicas exist, while in retrieval queries, it is sufficient to access only one of the copies.  In addition, at the end of an update request, there is no data transmission back to the originating site other than a confirmation message, whereas the retrieval-only queries may result in significant data transmission.  Cost of updates  Retrieval Cost Allocation Model update message cost  all fragments  all sites  acknowledgment cost all fragments  all sites  min all sites all fragments  (cost of retrieval command  cost of sending back the result) Slide 17

18. Allocation Model Constraints  Response Time execution time of query ≤ max. allowable response time for that query  Storage Constraint (for a site)  Processing constraint (for a site) storage requirement of a fragment at that site  all fragments  storage capacity at that site processing load of a query at that site  all queries  processing capacity of that site Slide 18

19. Calculus Query on Distributed Relations CONTROL SITE LOCAL SITES Query Decomposition Query Decomposition Data Localization Data Localization Algebraic Query on Distributed Relations Global Optimization Global Optimization Fragment Query Local Optimization Local Optimization Optimized Fragment Query with Communication Operations Optimized Local Queries GLOBAL SCHEMA GLOBAL SCHEMA FRAGMENT SCHEMA FRAGMENT SCHEMA STATS ON FRAGMENTS STATS ON FRAGMENTS LOCAL SCHEMAS LOCAL SCHEMAS Answer 06: Layers of Query Processing Slide 19

20. Solution-07 Slide 20

21. Thank You Slide 21