1. Objective Personality Tests

2. Examples of uni-dimensional traits Surveys Locus of Control Locus of Control Type A/B Type A/B Tolerance of Ambiguity Tolerance of Ambiguity Need for Cognition Need for Cognition  Bem Sex-Role Inventory  Personal Attributes Questionnaire (PAQ)

3. Locus of Control n Julian Rotter n 1966 n Internal vs External n Control of reinforcement n Internal = own action determines rewards n External = rewards determined by luck, fate, chance

4. Type A/B n Friedman and Jordan n 1950s n Type A = ambitious, rigidly organized, highly status conscious, sensitive, truthful, impatient, try to help others, meet deadlines, multi-task n Type B = apathetic, patient, relaxed, easy- going, no sense of time schedule, poor organizational skills

5. Tolerance for Ambiguity n MSTAT - Multiple Stimulus Types Ambiguity Tolerance n David McLain 1993 n “ability to tolerate contradictory and incalculable information” n Trait or state?

6. Need for Cognition n Cacioppo and Petty n 1982 n “tendency for an individual to engage in and enjoy thinking”

7. Bem Sex-Role Inventory (BSRI) n Sandra Bem n 1974 n Masculine and feminine traits n 20 m traits, 20 f, 20 “distractors” n Gender roles = how people identify themselves psychologically

8. Bem “alternatives” n Gender Traits Test – link link n Personal Attributes Questionnaire (PAQ)  Spence, Helmreich and Stapp – 1974  Instrumental and expressive characteristics

9. Examples of uni-dimensional traits Behavioral n Impulsive/Reflective (Kagan - Matching familiar figures) n Field Dependent/Independent (Witkin - embedded figures)

10. Impulsive/Reflective Matching Familiar Figures – (MFF) n Jerome Kagan – 1965 n Based on time to react n Slower, more accurate = reflective n Faster, less accurate = impulsive

11. Field Dependent/Independent Embedded Figures Test – (EFT) Herman Witkin – 1950’s

12. Field Dependent – has trouble finding geometric shape embedded in background = very interpersonal, reads social cues well, openly convey own feelings. Women more likely field dependent

13. Field independent – readily finds geometric shape regardless of background = has internal frame of reference, imposes own sense of order on situation lacking structure, impersonal and task oriented, separate own self identity from field. Men frequently field independent.