1. © T. M. Whitmore TODAY Columbian Encounter  Amerindian population collapse Iberian roots of Conquest Early Spanish settlement

2. © T. M. Whitmore Yesterday – Questions? Pre-Columbian societies in L.A. continued  Andean (Inka) agricultural strategies  Pacific coastal desert societies Columbian Encounter  Amerindian domesticated crops  Major impacts of Amerindian crops world-wide  Old world crops to the Americas

3. © T. M. Whitmore Amerindian Population Collapse Uncertainty in estimates of pre- Colombian populations => even more uncertainty about early colonial losses (best in C. Mexico, Guatemala, and parts of Peru) Uncertainty in estimates Scale of collapse – in most places roughly a 90% loss in 100-150 years! Scale of collapse

4. © T. M. Whitmore WESTERN HEMISPHERE ESTIMATESMILLIONS RIVET 1924 40-50 SAPPER 192440-50 SPINDEN 192850-75 WILCOX 193013.1 KROEBER 19398.4 ROSENBLAT 194513.4 STEWARD 194515.5 SAPPER 194831 RIVET 195215.5 BORAH 1964100 DOBYNS 196690-112.5 MORNER 196733.3 DRIVER 196930 DENEVAN 197643-72 THORNTON 198772+ DENEVAN 199243-65

5. © T. M. Whitmore

6. Central Mexican population collapse 1520 - 1620

7. © T. M. Whitmore Amerindian Population Collapse II By the NumbersNumbers  Nadir populations (low point about 1650)  Current populations  Regional patterns

9. © T. M. Whitmore Amerindian Population Collapse III Causes  Introduced infectious diseases  Small band initial settlement (little genetic variability)  Cold screen  Few domestic animals  “Virgin soil” epidemics “Virgin soil” epidemics  Spanish/Portuguese cruelty: the mis- named “leyenda negra”  Miscegenation

10. © T. M. Whitmore smallpox Basin of Mexico Indigenous Population collapse 1510 - 1625 measles Uncertain (Typhus or ?)

11. © T. M. Whitmore Iberian Issues for Latin American Conquest Iberia settled by Romans in 300 CE  Impacts for Americas:  Tradition of latifundia (lg estates);  Urban living preference  Class structure and primogeniture  Preference for cattle and horses as proper for gentlemen  Primogeniture  Christianity

12. © T. M. Whitmore Iberian Issues for Conquest II Islamic conquest 700s CE Islamic conquest  Muslim Moors from N Africa  Occupied most all of Iberia  Major impacts  Language  Agriculture  Racial mixing  Individual rule  Lower status for women

13. © T. M. Whitmore Iberian Issues for Conquest III Reconquista (re-conquest) Reconquista  Begins in 900s => a 700 year-long holy war to re- conquer Iberia by Christian kings  1492 marks last battle and expulsion of Moors (and Jews)

14. Christian Muslim (Moors)

15. Christian Muslim (Moors)

16. Christian Muslim (Moors)

17. Christian Muslim (Moors)

18. Christian

19. © T. M. Whitmore Implications of the Reconquista for Latin America Border war to expand the faith War to expand territorial control  New towns Victors get “tribute” AND land  Looting => value in “portable” wealth War = opportunity for glory and riches Secular and religious motives mixed Iberia misses our on initial stages of Renaissance

20. © T. M. Whitmore Spanish colonial policies & practices in the Americas The 3 “Gs”  Glory (conquest mentality from 700 yrs of war)  Gold (seizure or portable wealth and use of Amerindians to create more)  God (Christianize Indians and conquer lands for Christianity)

21. © T. M. Whitmore Early Iberian exploration, economic “development,” colonization, etc. Portuguese-style “commercial” model down African coastAfrican coast  Trade, no conquest of territory initially  Early proto-colonies in Islands (Madera, Cape Verde) Columbus: Related to Portuguese crown  Familiar with Portuguese model & profits

22. © T. M. Whitmore Early Portuguese & Spanish Explorations N. Atlantic Gyre Treaty Line Tordesilles 1493-4