1. Critical Power Slope Understanding the Runtime Effects of Frequency Scaling Akihiko Miyoshi, Charles Lefurgy, Eric Van Hensbergen Ram Rajamony Raj Rajkumar

2. Motivation Power management algorithms implicitly assume that lower performance points are more energy efficient that higher points This paper shows that this assumption is not always valid Also helps decide which operating points of a processor should be considered by an power management algorithm

3. Motivation  < : not always true  How do we choose which operating points to use? Evaluation of frequency scaling, clock throttling and dynamic voltage scaling on three existing processors Analytical model: Critical Power Slope Analysis on voltage scaling systems Conclusion Outline Watts

4. Techniques of Power Management Frequency scaling  Processor clock is reduced  Processor consumes less energy at the expense of reduced performance Clock throttling  Clock runs at original frequency  Clock signal is gated/disabled for some cycles at regular intervals Dynamic voltage scaling  Reduces power consumed by lowering the operating voltage  Advantageous because E ∝ V 2

5. Linux on Pentium Dell Inspiron 8000 laptop with 850 MHz PIII processor with 512Mb of RAM running Linux 2.4.6 Processor runs at 8 different performance states  100% 87.5% 75% 62.5% 50% 37.5% 25% 12.5% Effect is evaluated by throttling the clock The following micro benchmarks were considered  Access to register  L1 cache (read)  L1 cache (write)  Access to memory (read)  Access to memory (write)  Disk Read

6. Micro benchmark performance - Pentium

7. Power usage in idle mode- Pentium Linux scheduler puts the processor into C1 or C2 sleep state Idle state power is considered to be a constant

8. Simple benchmark which exercises the CPU while changing the performance state from 100% - 12.5% As performance is lowered system power usage decreases linearly Power measurements at different performance states - Pentium

9. Energy consumption Energy required to complete the benchmark – E active + E idle Compare energy used to execute same load at the same time interval at different operating points  The time interval does not end at E active since the system is kept on until next request arrives Idle time = Time to run the benchmark at a particular operating point – Time to run the benchmark at lowest performance states Idle power is known, hence E idle can be calculated

10. E active + E idle decreases slightly as performance state increases The benchmarks suggest we should run this system at the highest performance state possible

11. Linux on PowerPC PowerPC 405GP microprocessor, 8KB of D cache 16KB of I cache, 32MB RAM with Linux 2.4.0 Frequency of the processor and processor local bus (PLB) can be changed directly affecting memory speed

12. PowerPC: Power measurements

13. PowerPC: Energy consumption Total energy = Eactive + Eidle Eactive = Ecpu + ESDRAM +Eother By lowering frequency, total energy used by the system descreases Results contrary to the Pentium based system

14. Characterization of the two systems Bimodal behavior – system will either be in active or idle mode Performance ∝ frequency P idle will be considered constant for all frequencies Consider CPU intensive workload W, lowest frequency f min  At f min utilization of the system is 1 and W takes T f min units of time to complete  (-eq. 1)  At frequency f (f> fmin) (E f = E active + E idle ) ( - eq. 2)

15. Critical Power Slope As power ∝ frequency and constant at idle state (from the graph) Substituting P f in eq. 2 (-eq. 3) There should be a slope m where energy usage at all frequencies is equal - critical power slope m critical Equating eq. 1 and eq.3 we get

16. If  Energy efficient to run at higher freq.  Pentium If  Energy efficient to run at lower freq.  PowerPC Implications of CPS

17. Non linear power savings : P ∝ V 2 Look at every operating point at frequency If  Energy efficient at higher frequency than If  Energy efficient at lower frequency than CPS for voltage scaling system

18. Analysis on SA-1100 A StrongARM processor (SA-1100) is considered Above 74MHz At 74MHz Below 74MHz Energy Inefficient below 74MHz! No incentive to operative between 74MHz and 59 MHz using voltage scaling

19. Critical Power slope in Realistic workload Static page requests on a web server Apache 1.3, Pentium based laptop At 100% performance – 1500 requests/sec At 62.5% performance – 700 requests/sec Energy increases linearly as request rate increases More energy efficient to run at higher performance Consistent with previous Pentium system analysis

20. Conclusion This paper shows the assumption that lower performance points are more energy efficient that higher performance points is not valid This paper helps decide which operating point to choose in a power management scheme

21. Questions?