1. Heliocentric Model  Sun-centered  True, but not well accepted at first. Geocentric Model  Earth-centered  False, but assumed true by many people initially.

3. 1. ORBITS ARE ELLIPTICAL (SUN @ ONE FOCUS POINT) 2. DURING THE YEAR, A PLANET MOVES FASTER WHEN IT’S CLOSER TO THE SUN. The planet sweep out the same area in equal periods of time 3. PLANETS THAT ARE CLOSER TO THE SUN MOVE FASTER THAN PLANETS FARTHER FROM THE SUN …Mercury is faster than Uranus…

5. 1. Inertia An object in motion will continue to move at a constant speed and in a straight line, unless acted upon by an outside force. -Things keep doing what they do. 2. Gravity All objects attract all other objects using gravity. - The larger the mass, the stronger the gravitational pull. -The farther apart the two objects are, the weaker the gravitational pull.

6. ROTATION= spinning on Earth’s axis. Creates day & night. 24 hour period. List and describe the three motions of Earth. Related Vocab: SPHEROID. …Earth is a bit wider @ equator than from pole-to-pole.

7. Revolution / Orbit = motion along a path around some point in space, such as around the Sun. 1 Year Period.

8. Precession = Axis sweeps a cone-shaped area. 26,000 Year Period. List and describe the three motions of Earth. Rotation Precession

9. Nutation = due to tidal forces, the axis “shimmies” between 23°-26° as it precesses. 18.6 Year Period. List and describe the three motions of Earth. Today, Earth’s axis is tilted @ roughly 23.5°

10. BARYCENTER Center of mass between two objects. ↑ Click This Link ↑ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barycentric_coordinates_(astronomy)

11. Galaxy, solar system, star, planet

12. Rotating nebula cooled and contracted to form the sun in the center… this is 99% of the original nebular material. The remaining 1% continued orbiting the new sun, and eventually clumped together to form planets.

14.  Basically, everything orbits everything else.  All objects rotate.  Moons orbit planets.  Planets orbit stars. (=solar system)  Solar systems orbit the center of their galaxy.  Galaxies orbit in groups.  Galactic groups orbit the universe.  How does this picture relate? 

15.  Sun makes various forms of energy.  (Gamma, X, UV, Visible, Infrared, Micro, TV/Radio)  All of these move at the speed of light, but with different amounts of energy (related to wavelength).  All of these travel to Earth via RADIATION.

16.  SHORT WAVES = HIGH FREQUENCY = HIGH ENERGY  Gamma Rays  X-ray  Ultraviolet (UV)  Visible Light  Infrared (heat)  Microwaves  Radio/TV  LONG WAVES = LOW FREQUENCY = LOW ENERGY

17.  Frequency = number of waves passing a given point in a unit of time  Wavelength = length of space it takes for a wave to repeat itself. Long Wavelength = ______frequency = ______ energy Short Wavelength = ______frequency = ______ energy LOW HIGH LOW HIGH

18.  White light is a mixture of colors  Seven hues: red, orange, yellow green, blue, indigo & violet  Wavelength determines the color of a beam of light  Prism splits beam because light rays of different wavelengths are bent (refracted)  Red- Bent the least; Violet- Bent the most

19.  Light behaves as a WAVE (discussed already) or as a PARTICLE (photon)  Photon = particles of light that can push matter  Force photons exert is called radiation pressure  What the “solar wind” is made of.

20.  Light given off by stars has many colors  The light appears white to us, but when a prism is used, the colors separate into a specific spectrum.  The spectrum shows what gases make up the star.

21.  The apparent change in wavelength of light that occurs when the object is moving toward or away from the Earth.

22. Ambulance Siren: Approach observer: High pitch Move away from observer: low pitch

23. BLUE SHIFTRED SHIFT Object approaching earth Object moving away from earth Light waves are compressed (pushed together) Light waves are expanded Wavelengths appear shorter (blue end of spectrum) Wavelengths appear longer (red end of spectrum)

24. Using the spectroscope, astronomers can determine whether a particular object is moving toward Earth or away from Earth

25. Larger Doppler shifts indicated higher speeds and smaller Doppler shifts indicate slower speeds. R B R B

28. Remember, the greater the amount of shift, the faster the star is moving! Helium Helium slightly red shifted. Moving away slowly. Helium more red shifted. Moving away even faster!

30. FUSION: happens on the sun & other stars SMALL elements COMBINE to form large elements Energy is released (heat, photons, light) FISSION: Happens in nuclear power reactors LARGE elements BREAK UP form smaller atoms elements Energy is released (heat)

31.  brief outbursts of solar photons  release enormous amounts of photons & energy (UV, Radio, X- Ray radiation)  Ejects fast moving photons, strengthening the solar wind  can endanger space crews & satellites  Can strengthen auroras on Earth  Earth’s magnetic field protects us from the effects of these photons.

34. Earth's axis is tilted 23.5°. -In the Northern Hemisphere's summer, we're tilted TOWARD the sun (direct heating = hotter) -In the Southern Hemisphere's summer, we're tilted AWAY from the sun (indirect = colder)

36. Seasons are caused by the TILT OF EARTH’S AXIS, NOT by how close we are to the sun SEASONS are all about how energy hits the Earth's surface... Is it efficiently heating our surface? Or is it inefficiently heating our surface?

37. Our Atmosphere filters out much of the dangerous HIGH ENERGY wavelengths to protect us.

38.  Caused by the gravitational pull of the MOON (and the sun).  SPRING TIDE = Earth-Moon- Sun are all lined up in a straight line, so Moon & Sun are both pulling oceans in same direction.  NEAP TIDE = E-M-S are at a 90° angle, so Moon & Sun are counteracting each other.

39. Magnetic field that surrounds earth and protects us from a lot of the sun's harmful radiation -causes auroras! VOCAB: aurora, solar wind, magnetic field (magnetosphere), photons

40. Equator is hotter than the Poles because the sunlight is more direct there.

41. 1.Land heats & cools more rapidly than water. 2.Land gets to greater extremes in temperature than water. …Which would be Wilmington, which would be Charlotte? 

42. Photosynthesis is the basis for all life to exist. The sun’s energy is converted by plants into chemical energy that other organisms use for food.