1. Germplasm Enhancement of Maize Project (GEM) Derived Varieties M.H. Blanco 1, C.A.C. Gardner 1, W. Salhuana 2, and N. Shen 1 1 USDA-ARS and 2 Retired Pioneer Fellow and GEM TSG Chair G ermplasm E nhancement of M aize

2. GEM Mission Statement The objective of the GEM Project is to develop and provide to the public adapted germplasm lines via germplasm enhancement of useful exotic germplasm. The adapted materials are incorporated into research and breeding programs that will increase the diversity of U.S. corn germplasm, improve its performance, and provide new and better products to the American consumer.

3. Countries Belonging to the Latin American Maize Project (LAMP) * Argentina Bolivia Brazil Columbia Chile Guatemala Mexico Paraguay Peru United States Uruguay Venezuela * LAMP began in 1987, funded by Pioneer Hi-Bred Int., Inc., and administrated by the USDA-ARS.

4. GEM Objectives Manage an extensive multi-site cooperative breeding (and trial network) and information sharing with public and private cooperators. Develop genetically enhanced populations and lines (early generation S2 and S3 focus) from GEM breeding crosses. Evaluate genotypes in the breeding program for yield, agronomic traits, silage, biotic and abiotic stress (including mycotoxins), and value-added traits. Conduct research relevant to high priority maize germplasm traits and performance.

5. Private GEM US Cooperators AgReliant Genetics, LLC BASF Plant Science Breeding, L.L.C Beck's Superior Hybrids, Inc.* Benson Seed Research, LLC FFR Cooperative Garst Seed Company* Golden Harvest Seeds, Inc. Hoegemeyer Enterprises Illinois Foundation Seeds, Inc. Monsanto Company* Mycogen Seeds* National Starch and Chemical Co. NC+ Hybrids* PAU Seeds, Inc. Pioneer Hi-Bred Int., Inc.* Professional Seed Research, Inc. Schillinger Seeds SEEDirect Syngenta Seeds, Inc.* Wyffels Hybrids * Entities with representatives currently serving on the GEM Technical Steering Group (TSG).

6. Public US Cooperators Cornell University Iowa State University Louisiana State University Michael Fields Agricultural Institute 1 North Carolina State University North Dakota State University Ohio State University Texas A&M University* The University of Tennessee Truman State University University of Delaware* University of Illinois University of Nebraska University of Wisconsin USDA-ARS (Ames, IA) USDA-ARS (Columbia, MO) USDA-ARS (Mississippi State, MS) USDA-ARS (Raleigh, NC) 1 Non-Government Organization (NGO) * Entities with representatives currently serving on the TSG.

7. International Cooperators AgriSource Co., Ltd., Thailand Agrotuniche, Chile EMBRAPA 1, Brazil Hyland Seeds, Canada INTA 2, Argentina Maharlika Genetics, Mexico Nidera, Argentina Sursem S.A., Argentina The University of Guelph, Canada 1 Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa, Agropecuaria (EMBRAPA); Brazil 2 Instituto Nacioanal de Tecnologia Agropecuaria (INTA) Argentina

8. GEM Trait Targets Agronomic adaptability- yield, lodging, grain moisture, and Y/M Abiotic stress tolerance: drought, heat, and interacting biotic stresses Ear mold and mycotoxin resistance (aflatoxin and fumonisin) Disease resistance (emphasis on stalk rots, and leaf blights that impact stalk rots) Insect resistance (emphasis on corn root worm and corn ear worm impacting quality and mycotoxins) Value-added traits (VAT’s) Grain (protein>13%, oil>6%, and starch>75%) Silage yield & quality

9. GEM Pedigree Protocol PedigreeStatusAccession First Cross Second Cross CUBA164:S2050% tropical B.C.CUBA164SS 20NA CUBA164:S201225% tropical B.C.CUBA164SS 20SS 12 CUBA164:S2012 -444S1 ear 444 CUBA164:S2012 -444-1S2 ear 1 CUBA164:S2012 -444-1-BS3 "bulk" Legend: SS12 is stiff stalk inbred-company 12 SS 20 is stiff stalk inbred-company 20

10. GEM Breeding Protocol Flowchart Plant S 1 ears to make S 2. Select at 20% selection intensity Yield trial topcross from above Winter 1 Summer 1 Winter 4 Winter 2 Summer 2 Winter 6 Winter 3 Summer 5 Summer 3 Summer 4 Make S 3 increase Determine quality analyses, disease & insect resistance in GEM lab or by cooperators Cross the S 3 ’s to two testers Make S 2 topcross to elite tester inbred Self 300 plants (S 0 ) Yield test 50 S 2 topcrosses at 6 locations (Accession x Private line 1) x Private line 2 Accession x Private line 1 Write release article for publication & all relevant data to NCRPIS

12. Field Resources Required PopulationsRows Needed Scenario 1 S1 Nursery S2 Nursery Seed Increase ISO Rows Trial Plots 10 (in winter)500---600--- 20 (in summer)10007500---360011400 Scenario 2 S1 Nursery S2 Nursery Seed Increase ISO Rows Trial Plots 20 (in winter)1000---1200--- 40 (in summer)200015000---720022800

13. GEM Germplasm Releases (105 Lines Total) Year # Lines ReleasedInstitutionGermplasm Attributes 20011USDA-ARS, IAGEM 001 is resistant to 1st brood ECB 200228USDA-ARS, IA25% and 50% exotics; temperate adapted 20022U. Delaware 50% exotic; resistance to anthracnose stalk rot and gray leaf spot 200230NC State U.50% exotics; temperate adapted 20021Ohio State U. GEMS-0002 is 50% exotic; good grain quality, earlier than B73 200316USDA-ARS, IA25% & 50% exotic; temperate adapted, VAT 20038NC State U.50% exotics; earlier flowering 20042Texas A&M U.25% exotic; stress tolerance, good GCA 20041U. Wisconsin 25% exotic; high yielding silage with superior nutritional quality 20049USDA-ARS, IA25% exotic; temperate adaptation, VAT 20047NC State U.50% exotics; earlier flowering

14. Released GEM Lines to the Public to Date PedigreeDerivationComments GEMS-0001PI 503806 x B94///B94First gen. ECB resistant (non-DIMBOA) GEMS-0002FS8A(S):S09-43-2Early SS; stress tolerant DE 3DKXL212:N11a-191Good protein; GCA DE 4DKXL212:N11a-365GLS resistant; GCA Tx 204AR01150:N0406Stress tolerant; GCA Tx 205AR01150:N0406Stress tolerant; GCA UW EX 01 * AR17026:N1019Silage yield and quality * Projected for release in spring, 2005, by J. Coors, U. of WI.

15. Expt. 02122 (6 Locations) with Tester LH200xLH198 in Year 2002 PedigreeYieldMoistY/M Stalk Lodge Root Lodge BARBGP2:N08a18- 332-1176.220.09.19.43.1 Test Entry Means145.221.96.87.14.8 Check Means174.220.98.58.14.3 CV13.26.1 LSD (p=0.05)22.51.5

16. Expt. 046011 (8 Locations) with Tester LH198 in Year 2004 PedigreeYieldMoistY/M Stalk Lodge Root Lodge BARBGP2:N08a18- 332-1-B183.119.79.41.91.0 Test Entry Means175.419.79.02.12.4 Check Means202.119.810.43.31.2 CV9.66.5 LSD (p=0.05)16.71.3

17. Quality Traits of 9 GEM Lines Released to GEM Cooperators in 2005 PedigreeCountry (race)VAT BARBGP:N08a18-332-1-BBarbados (Tusón) CH05015:N1502-86-1-BChile (Camelia)>14% protein CHIS775:S1911b-120-1-B-BMexico (Tuxpeño)High TpG DK212T:N11a12-191-1-BThailand (comm. DK) DKB844:S1601-73-1-B-BMexico (comm. DK) Low TpG, low PHI, and wide RnG DREP150:N2011d-624-1-BDomin. Rep. (Mixed)>14% protein UR11003:S0302-1011-1-BUruguay (Dente Branco)Narrow RnG DKB844:S1601-3-2Mexico (comm. DK) >14% protein, Low TpG, low RnG, & high % R, CH05015:N1204-57-1Chile (Camelia) >14% protein & >4.5% oil

18. GEM Field Day Demo

19. Silage Yield & Quality of EX 01 Grown in Wisconsin in 2004 Hybrid Yield (t/ac) Milk/ac (lbs) CP (%) NDF (%) IVD (%) NDFD (%) Starch (%) EX01 (U. W.)10.8383007.348826230 Mean (42 hybrids)9.9343007.448816031 LSD (0.10)0.836000.43113 UW EX01 = AR17026:N1019-65008-2-3-2-1-1 X LH244 CP = Crude protein NDF = Neutral detergent fiber IVD = in vitro digestibility NDFD = Neutral detergent fiber digestibility Jim Coors, 2004.

20. Fusarium/Fumonisin Results RotFumonisin Pedigree% kernels rottedppm 2011-01_SE32_S17_F2S40.60.1 NC2442.40.3 CUBA164:S2008a-157-1-B-B2.01.4 AR16035:S19-285-1-B2.71.5 PASCO14:S0105-198-12.11.6 CUBA164:S1511b-325-1-B1.81.6 UR13085:N0215-21-1-B-B-SIB1.82.4 NC33621.935.9 Avg. (52 entries)6.36.4 LSD(0.05)11.313.4 J. Holland, USDA-ARS, NC, 2003

21. Percent Aspergillus Ear Rot and Aflatoxin Level of GEM Lines M. Clements, USDA-ARS, Mississippi State, MS, 2004. Pedigree 2003 aflatoxin Ng/g 2004 aflatoxin Ng/g 2 year mean ear rot (%) Mp313E9138 Tuxpan204425 2283-01_XL380_S11_F2S4242175 2250-01_XL370A_S11_F2S4241635 2250-02_XL370A_S11_F2S4253925 2258-03_XL380_S11_F2S4482395 LSR/ LSD α=0.05 6213 Grand mean (96 inbreds)546130923 Coefficient of Variation18844

22. GEM Breeding Crosses with Resistance to the Corn Rootworm in 2003 1 Families showing significantly lower root damage rating than the resistant check, NGSDCRW1(S2)C4-15-2S2(S1). M. Bohn (U of IL) and B. Hibbard (USDA-ARS, Columbia, MO), 2003. PedigreeRace # families selected 1 Location AR17056:N2025Cristalino Colorado2IL BR52051:N04Dente Amarelo7MO CHIS775:N1912Tuxpeño14MO CUBA117:S1520Argentino2IL DK212T:S11Comm. Hybrid10MO UR13085:N0215Cateto Sulino4MO

23. Summary/Benefits of GEM Germplasm contribution of LAMP and private companies Cooperative wide scale evaluation and development efforts Unique germplasm and traits being identified Technology transfer-germplasm and information GEM serves a large number of stakeholders from different sectors and countries

24. Future Challenges and Direction Identify and utilize useful allelic diversity by tapping into more races How should GEM’s resources be allocated-sampling new races vs. focusing on existing races What breeding methodology research will be needed to effectively utilize allelic diversity? UDEL: single seed descent research to save resources UWI: pop development of CUBA164 as SS silage base Explore and implement new genomic and genetic technologies through effective partnering Address targeted questions or hypotheses related to gene function, mol breeding, etc. GEM’s role: provide germplasm for well constructed studies Issues: target traits? races? pop structure, candidate genes How does GEM best serve stakeholders to maximize benefits, and broaden the germplasm base?

25. Acknowledgements USDA-ARS, Ames, IA Sue Duvick, Quality traits lab manager Andy Smelser, Agriculture research technician USDA-ARS, Raleigh, NC Joe Hudyncia, Southeastern GEM coordinator North Carolina State University Major Goodman, William Neal Reynolds and Distinguished University Professor GEM cooperators GEM Technical Steering Group (TSG)

26. GEM Project USDA-ARS Thank you for your support! G ermplasm E nhancement of M aize