1. ***Castle Learning Regents Review due Friday***

3. Enlightenment Ideas – All individuals have NATURAL RIGHTS – The use of REASON would lead to human progress. Philosophers of the Enlightenment period believed that SOCIETY could best be improved by applying REASON and the LAWS OF NATURE.

4. The SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION had a great influence on the Enlightenment ideas of NATURAL LAW and REASON. The SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION and the Enlightenment were similar is that they encouraged the SPREAD OF NEW IDEAS.

5. JOHN LOCKE (wrote Two Treatises of Government) – GOVERNMENTS SHOULD BE BASED ON CONSENT OF THE PEOPLE – the chief role of government was to protect NATURAL RIGHTS

6. ROUSSEAU (wrote The Social Contract) – Rulers must follow the general will of the people MONTESQUIEU (wrote The Spirit of the Laws) – Separation of powers, 3 branches of government VOLTAIRE wrote about the importance of Freedom of speech and religious toleration

7. The writings of Jean Jacques ROUSSEAU, Baron de MONTESQUIEU, and John LOCKE were similar in that: – each supported the principles of a DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC – Influenced movements for POLITICAL REFORM

8. The writings of the 18th-century French philosophers Diderot, Rousseau, and Voltaire influenced the policies of the ENLIGHTENED DESPOTS. – CATHERINE THE GREAT = Enlightened Despot

9. Fredrick the Great Maria TheresaJoseph II Other Enlightened Despots

10. The Enlightenment, American Revolution, and French Revolution were all major influences over LATIN AMERICAN REVOLUTIONS

11. Causes of the French Revolution – ENLIGHTENMENT IDEAS – The wars and debt of LOUIS XIV and poor rule of LOUIS XVI – INEQUALITIES IN THE TAX STRUCTURE – THIRD ESTATE paid ALL the taxes, First and Second paid ALMOST NO taxes

12. Inspired other peoples seeking democracy and independence (Latin American Rev’s)

13. ROBESPIERRE and the Reign of Terror – After a few years of an unstable gov’t the RADICAL JACOBIN CLUB comes to power – Robespierre started Reign of Terror = PURGED AND VIOLENTLY KILLED his opponents (anti- revolutionaries) – Reign of Terror ended with ROBESPIERRE’S DEATH

14. Nationalist leader that provided STABILITY for the nation. Created codified laws –N–NAPOLEONIC CODE Expanded the French Empire (1799-1815) with the NAPOLEONIC WARS Finally defeated in Russia because of the SEVERE WINTERS and LARGE SIZE The loss at the BATTLE OF WATERLOO ended the Age of Napoleon

15. Inspired NATIONALISTIC FEELINGS in countries he conquered Followed by the Congress of Vienna

16. 1815: treaty signed after the DEFEAT OF NAPOLEON dominated by AUSTRIAN PRINCE METTERNICH who wanted to restore power of monarchs REDREW THE MAP OF EUROPE

17. Tried to establish a BALANCE OF POWER Contributed to the rise of NATIONALISTIC FEELINGS in countries who were placed under foreign control

18. Before 1945 Armenian Genocide Forced Famine in the Ukraine Rape of Nanking The Holocaust

19. Nuremburg Trials * showed that leaders would be held responsible for war crimes and genocide United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1945): *Document that adopted by the U.N. that sets out the basic human rights of all individuals *Hoped to prevent genocide and human rights abuses

20. After 1945 Cambodian Genocide Rwandan Genocide Ethnic Cleansing in the Balkans Gassing of the Kurds