1. the Enlightenment thinkers

2. 10.2.1 philosophers and revolution
Compare the ideas of the enlightenment philosophers
Compare how their ideas effected the democratic revolutions in England, the United States, France, and Latin America
Specifically look at: John Locke, Charles-Louis Montesquieu, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Simón Bolívar, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison

3. 18th century (1700’s) Intellectual Movement
thinkers and writers believed they were more enlightened than everyone else and set out to enlighten them.

4. They believed that human reason could be used to build a better world by combatting ignorance, superstition, and tyranny
some of their most enthusiastic supporters were the rich and idle

5. The Scientific Revolution
Buy, before we compare the ideas of the Enlightenment philosophers, lets go back to the 17th century (1600’s) and the return to the Greco-Roman ideas of using logic and reason to understand the universe

6. The Scientific Revolution
In the 1600’s, Galileo Galilei used logic and observation to prove the idea that the earth rotates around the sun.

7. I think, therefore
I am
Skepticism
René Descartes attempted to use reason to shore up his faith.

8. Revolution and Enlightenment in England
The British Parliament decapitated King James II during the Glorious Revolution
The monarchy was restored by William of Orange (Dutch)
King William and Queen Mary

9. Revolution and Enlightenment in England
This opened the way for change.
How? What kind of change?
King William and Queen Mary

10. Thomas Hobbes the life of man is solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and
short

11. Thomas Hobbes
If humans are left to their own devices, they will live in a perpetual state of war.
To avoid this, they must give up their freedom and rights to a strong ruler
government must have absolute power and demand obedience

12. His book, the Leviathan influenced political thinking for 200 years

15. John Locke People are born with natural rights
one of the most influential Enlightenment thinkers

16. John Locke People can govern themselves.
Governments’ role is to protect natural rights; if the government fails to do so, citizens have the right to overthrow it.

17. John Locke
Influenced the struggles for liberty in Europe and the Americas.
His ideas appear in the Declaration of Independence

18. New Core European Values
individualism
freedom
change
Community
Authority
Tradition

19. Obstacles to change Despotism Absolute monarchy The church
Doctrine of the "divine right of kings"
Louis XIV

20. “I may not agree with what you have to say, but I'll defend to the death your right to say it.”
Voltaire
Fought for tolerance, reason, freedom of religious belief, and freedom of speech

21. Voltaire
He believed educated and sophisticated people (the aristocracy) could exercise their reason to improve the world.

22. I really don’t have
much faith in the
ordinary person

23. Rousseau believed otherwise
Jean-Jacques Rousseau shunned the aristocracy
Believed all people are equal and titles of nobility should be abolished

24. Rousseau believed otherwise
Believed legitimate government comes from the consent of the governed.
Inspired many of the leaders of the French Revolution.

25. Charles-Louis Montesquieu
Separation of Powers - keeps any individual or group from gaining total control of the government.
Each branch has a check on the other two.
The Basis of the US Constitution.

26. Mary Wollstonecraft
Women need education to become virtuous and useful.
Women should have the right to participate in politics.
Influenced women’s rights groups in Europe and North America.

27. Philosophes
These rebellious thinkers were known as the philosophes

28. Thomas Jefferson
Governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed.

29. Thomas Jefferson
Free Speech, religious freedom, and other civil liberties.
Author of the Declaration of Independence.

30. Voltaire vs. Rousseau Aristocrat equality not possible
Charming and witty
supremacy of the intellect
Shunned the aristocracy
inequality unnatural
Always claimed to be right
emphasized the emotions

31. What they shared Viewed absolute monarchy as dangerous
Rejected orthodox Christianity
Shared a minimalist faith called "deism ”
The God in the Declaration of Independence comes from this
deist thinking

32. English & French influences
France felt more resistance to liberty from the church and king
Englands’
Glorious Revolution
(1688) made way for democracy.
American intellectual leaders like Jefferson, Franklin, and Paine were drawn to Enlightenment ideas
(1776)

33. Simon Bolivar
Inspired by Enlightenment thinkers to rebel against Spain.
Followed the British and American systems of government in creating the Republic of Venezuela.

34. Thoughts on the Enlightenment
Was it merely a brief moment when a number of thinkers infatuated with reason vainly supposed that a
perfect society
could be built on
common sense
and tolerance?

35. Thoughts on the Enlightenment
Or did it form a consensus of international ideals by
which all modern
nations are
Judged?
Human rights
Religious tolerance
Self-government