1. Civil Rights
Define
Explain how it relates to the Civil Rights Story in America
Choose a picture that relates to the meaning

2. Federalism System of government 2 Governments rule the same people
National Powers (delegated, expressed or enumerated) are Supreme
State Powers (Reserved)

3. Reserved Powers Powers of the State granted by the 10th amendment
Schools
Business licenses in the state
Drivers license

4. Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment
No State shall make or enforce any law which shall ….deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws

5. Supreme Court The Court has the Power of Judicial Review
It interprets the meaning of any phrase in the Constitution
Strict Interpretation: What it says in black and white
Loose Interpretation: Construct meaning based upon historical circumstances

6. Plessy v. Ferguson
One of the first cases ever heard about racial discrimination
Plessy (1/8 white 7/8 black) wanted to ride in the “white car” of the train
He was kicked off.

7. Plessy v. Ferguson “Separate but Equal” Ruling
The Supreme Court ruled against Plessy.
It stated that the requirement for “equal protection under the laws” was not violated by racial distinction as long as the facilities were equal.
The object of the 14th amendment was to enforce equality before the law and to provide for political equality not social equality

8. Jim Crow laws Laws written in states to establish segregation
Separate Facilities for Whites and Blacks

9. Voting
15th Amendment granted suffrage (right to vote )to African American males.
The Poll Tax and Literacy Tests were established to prevent blacks from voting
Poll Tax – A tax to vote
Literacy Test – Test on Civics, History that whites did not have to take if their grandfather voted before civil war (grandfather clause)

10. Voting Rights Act of 1965 and 24th Amendment
Banned the use of Literacy Tests
Required that southern states register African Americans to vote ( in line with % of population )
24th Amendment banned the use of a Poll Tax

11. NAACP National Association for the Advancement of Colored Persons
One of the interest groups that organized activities for the Civil Rights Movement
Lawyers of the NAACP represented poor black families to challenge Jim Crow Laws

12. Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka Kansas
The Supreme Court ruled in favor of Linda Brown to end segregation in schools.
In its ruling the courts stated that separate facilities could never be equal

13. The Courts Seek to Enforce Desegregation in Swann v
The Courts Seek to Enforce Desegregation in Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg
By 1971, not much progress had been made in desegregating southern schools. Southern states set up school districts separating blacks and whites
Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education is significant because the court offers a “remedy to the problem”.
Their remedy included: busing, racial quotas, reorganizing districts

14. Civil Rights Act of 1964 Addresses Facilities not run by the government but still “public”
Title VII makes it illegal to discriminate in employment on the basis of color, religion, sex, or national origin, as well as race
The Civil Rights Act also makes it illegal to discriminate on the basis of race when providing a “public service”: restraunt, hotel, etc.

15. Heart of Atlanta Motel vs. United States
White Motel Owner in Atlanta challenged the U.S. government
He did not think the U.S. government had the power to tell him which customers to serve
U.S. Government used its power over Interstate Commerce to enforce its ruling that segregation in public facilities was impermissable (not allowed)

16. Moving toward Equal Opportunity
Lyndon Johnson
Issued executive orders directing government agencies to pursue a policy of minority employment in the federal civil service and in companies doing business with the federal government
Universities
Law Schools
Contractors with the Government

17. Affirmative Action
Compensatory action to overcome consequences of past discrimination and to encourage greater diversity

18. Reverse Discrimination
Regents of the University of California v. Bakke
He was denied admissions, white
Did granting 16 slots to minorities prevent him from attending Davis?
He won his case, but aff action was not declared unconstitutional

19. Where we are Now Gratz v. Bollinger
Univ of Michigan’s admission policy assigned 20 points to minority applicants
This qualified as discrimination because it lacked the necessary “individualized consideration” and used a “mechanical” method instead
Strict scrutiny is applied in cases using racial classifications
Grutter v. Bollinger
Law School’s admission policy in meets the state’s interest in promoting diversity because its methods were “highly individualized, holistic review of each applicant’s file
Race counts but not in a mechanical way

20. Freedom to buy or sell property
Restrictive covenants were used to maintain all white communities. Owners of property would sign a contract promising not to sell to non-whites
In Shelley v. Kraemer the Supreme court ruled that such contracts could not be enforced by law.
It did not prevent a person from entering into the contract but the contract would not be enforced if a person tried to use it to sue a neighbor who had broken the contract by selling to a non-white