1. Introductions to the Kingdoms of Life
Chapter 19

2. 19.2 Advent of Multicellularity
Half of the biomass on Earth is unicellular prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Colonies
No communication or coordination between cells
Permanently associated
Cell walls stick together or form filaments
Examples: Volvox and Cyanobacteria

3. Aggregations
Temporary collection of cells
Example: Plasmodial Slime

4. Multicellular Composed of many cells that are permanently associated
Allows for increased size
Remember: single cells cannot be large and survive
Allows for specialization
Movement
Protection
Reproduction
Feeding

5. Cells make-up Tissues which make-up Organs which make-up Organ Systems
Muscle cells make-up Muscle Tissue which make-up Heart which makes-up part of Circulatory System

6. Kingdom Eubacteria A.k.a. Bacteria Prokaryotes O.1 to 15 μm
Found practically everywhere
Cell wall contains peptidoglycan

7. Kingdom Archaebacteria
Prokaryotes
More closely related to eukaryotes than bacteria
No peptidoglycan in cell wall
Have introns in genes

8. Kingdom Protista Protists Most diverse kingdom
Eukaryotes that are not fungi, plants, or animals
Many are unicellular
All have cell membrane, some have cell walls
Autotrophs and Heterotrophs
Many move
Normally asexual reproduction but may be sexually

9. Kingdom Fungi Most Multicellular Chitin in cell wall
Yeast are unicellular (only unicellular eukaryote not a protist)
Chitin in cell wall
Like shell of a crab
Bodies have long strands of cells called hyphae
No movement
No chlorophyll or photosynthesis
Heterotrophs but don’t ingest, external digestion

10. Kingdom Plantae Plants Multicellular autotrophs
Primary producers
Release oxygen
Cycle phosphorous, water, nitrogen, carbon
Different cell types organized into tissues
Vascular tissue
Transport water and dissolved nutrients
Cellulose in cell walls
No movement
May have motile sperm
Spores and seeds allow for dispersal

11. Everywhere except extreme polar regions and highest mountaintops
Very small Duckweed Wolffia microscopica (1mm) to extremely large Giant Sequoia Redwood Sequoia sempervirens (90m)

12. Nonvascular No vascular tissue Relatively small
No real roots, stems, or leaves
Example: Mosses

13. Vascular - Larger and more complex
Seedless
Surfaces coated with waxy covering
Reproduce with spores
Haploid and diploid phases
Example: Ferns

14. Non-flowering = Gymnosperms
Seeds
Non-flowering = Gymnosperms
Seeds, no flowers
Cones
Examples: Pines and Spruces
Flowering = Angiosperms
Flowers
Fruits disperse seeds

15. Kingdom Animalia Animals
Multicellular heterotrophs (can’t make own food)
No cell wall
Mostly diploid phase
Cells organized into tissues
Zygotes develop through several stages
Muscle tissues allow for quick movement
Flight – unique to animals
Reproduce sexually

16. 99% are invertebrates (no backbone) 35 Phyla – most of these in sea
Vertebrates have backbones
35 Phyla – most of these in sea

17. Different Phyla
Sponges
No tissues
Specialized cells

18. Cnidarians
Mostly marine
Jellyfish, Sea Anemones, Corals

19. Flatworms
Flat ribbon-like bodies
Some are parasitic

20. Roundworms A.k.a. Nematodes Long, slender Freeliving or parasitic
Heartworm, elephantiasis, hookworm

21. Segmented Worms A.k.a. Annelids Water and soil
Leeches, Earthworms, Feather duster worms

22. Mollusks Saclike cavity (coelom) encloses internal organs
Aquatic and terrestrial
Snails, Clams, Octopuses

23. Arthropods Most diverse and 2/3 of all animal species
External skeleton
Jointed appendages
High rate of reproduction
Crabs, Insects, Arachnids

24. Echinoderms “spiny skin” Can regenerate lost limbs
Sea stars, sea cucumbers, sea urchins, sand dollars

25. Invertebrate Chordates
No backbone
Aquatic
Swim or attached

26. Vertebrates Internal skeleton of bone Backbone protects spinal cord
Head has brain enclosed in skull
Mammals, fish, birds, reptiles, and amphibians

27. Essential Life Functions
Transport – cells get what they need and remove what they don’t
Excretion – organisms remove waste and balance fluids
Regulation – body process control – hormones and nervous system
Respiration – get oxygen and remove carbon dioxide
Nutrition – break down and absorb food
Synthesis – build necessary molecules
Reproduction – how done
Growth and Development – lifecycle

28. Unicellular Protists Transport – Diffusion Excretion – Diffusion
Regulation – Not Much
Respiration – Diffusion
Nutrition – Auto and heterotrophs
Reproduction – asexual mitosis and sexual with zygospore
Growth and Development – flagella, cilia, pseudopodia

30. Annelid Worms Transport – closed system with hearts
Excretion – anus and nephridia
Regulation – simple brain with nerve cord
Respiration – diffusion through skin
Nutrition – heterotroph with digestive tract
Reproduction – Sexual hermaphrodites; cocoons with eggs
Growth and Development – segmented; setae = bristles

32. Insects Transport – open system with hearts
Excretion – Malphigian tubules
Regulation – Simple brains, eyes
Respiration – Trachea and Spiracles
Nutrition – Heterotrophs with digestive tract
Reproduction – Sexual
Growth and Development – Metamorphosis (Chrysalis to pupa to adult)

34. Amphibians Transport – closed system with heart Excretion – cloaca
Regulation – Brain and exothermic (cold blooded)
Respiration – lungs with skin diffusion
Nutrition – Heterotrophs with digestive tract
Reproduction – Sexual with external eggs needing water
Growth and Development – endoskeleton; metamorphosis

36. Mammals Transport – 4 chambered closed heart
Excretion – anus and kidneys
Regulation – hair and endothermic; hormones and nervous system; brain
Respiration – lungs and a diaphragm
Nutrition – heterotrophs that eat a large amount to maintain body temp.
Reproduction – sexual and internal fertilization
Growth and Development – depend on mother; mammary glands; some lay eggs, some have pouch, some have internal development

38. Nonvascular Plants Transport – diffusion Excretion – diffusion
Regulation – cuticle resists drying out
Respiration – stomatas allow gas exchange
Nutrition – absorb nutrients and water from soil; autotrophs
Reproduction – require water; swimming sperm
Growth and Development – spores

39. Gymnosperms Transport – vascular system (xylem and phloem)
Excretion – stomata controls exchange
Regulation – stomata controls exchange
Respiration – stomata controls exchange
Nutrition – water and soil; autotrophs
Reproduction – seeds in cones
Growth and Development – seed to adult

40. Angiosperms Transport – vascular system (xylem and phloem)
Excretion – stomata controls exchange
Regulation – stomata controls exchange
Respiration – stomata controls exchange
Nutrition – water and soil; autotrophs
Reproduction – pollen
Growth and Development – flower to fruit to seed