3.  1. Whenever people interact with each other in an effort to earn a reward or return for their actions, an exchange has been made.  2. Reciprocity is the idea that you do something for someone, and that person owes you something in return.  A. This concept is the basis of exchange

4.  3. The volume of exchange has led to exchange theory.  A. People are motivated by self interest in their interactions with other people.  B. This means that people do things primarily for rewards.  C. When the cost outweighs the rewards, people tend to end the interaction.  D. Life is an attempt to maximize rewards and minimize cost.

6.  1. Competition occurs when two or more people or groups oppose each other to achieve a goal that only one can attain.  2. Competition can be a positive way to motivate people to perform the roles that society asks of them.  3. Competition can lead to psychological stress, a lack of cooperation in social relationships, and even conflict.

8.  1. Conflict is the deliberate attempt to control a person by force, to oppose someone, or to harm another person.  2. Conflict has few rules of conduct

9.  3. Georg Simmel identified four sources of conflict  Wars  Disagreements between groups  Legal disputes  Clashes over ideology

10. 4. Conflict is known for its negativity 5. Some sociologists have pointed out that conflict serves as a way to reinforce boundaries, and strengthen group unity and loyalty when facing an outside threat. 6. Conflict can also bring about social change.

12.  1. Cooperation occurs when two or more groups work together to achieve a goal that will benefit more than one person.  2. Cooperation is a social process that gets things done.

14.  A. Compromise- occurs when two parties both give up something to come to a mutual agreement.  B. Truce- a situation where conflict is halted until a compromise can be met.  C. Mediation- A third form of accommodation that calls in a third party who acts as an advioser to help the two parties come to an agreement.  D. Arbitration- A third party makes a decision that is binding on both parties.