5. A map of the layout of the archaeological site of Tula, Hidalgo

6. Tula Panorama

7. Columns in the form of Toltec warriors in Tula

8. Tarascan or Purépecha state rivaled Aztec empire in territory. Tzintzuntzan was capital with 35,000 people. Aztec attempts to conquer Tarascans were met with stiff resistance, well-trained military and forts along their borders. Produced copper, bronze, and gold objects.

9. Oaxaca had the Post Classic town of Mitla. Intricate mosaic veneer on facades of buildings and murals. A Zapotec religious center.

12. Yucatan Peninsula Chichén Itza: dominant Maya center during early Postclassic - A.D.1000 Toltec period of Chichén Itza: A.D.1000 - 1250.

13. Chichén Itzá, 900 – 1100AD Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico

14. Chichén Itzá, Panorama

15. Chichén Itzá: El Castillo/Templo de Kukulkán

16. Red Jaguar Throne Inside El Castillo

17. Chichén Itzá: Serpent Columns at Temple of 1000 Warriors

18. Chichén Itzá: Chac Mool and Serpent Columns at Temple of 1000 Warriors

19. Chichén Itza: The Observatory

20. Mayan calendars and astronomy Solar calendar: 356 days: 18 months by 20 days each with five additional unlucky days Agriculture and marketing Lunar calendar: 260 days: 13 months by 20 days each, astrology, fate of individuals and the empire.

22. Causes of the Rise of Mayan Civilization Trade Networks: Trade in obsidian, salt, stone; Cobá Hydraulic Theory: Irrigation; Campeche Social-environmental circumscription: limited water resources forced to population to congregate around cenotes administrators that controlled water became the elite works for Chichén Itzá

23. Chichén Itzá’s Cenote

24. Chichén Itzá Sacbe

28. 1) Aztec City States, Ethnic Groups, and Polities 2) “Aztec” refers to Nahuatl-speaking peoples of highland Central Mexico. Aztec-people from Aztlan, “White Land”, a mythical place to the NW. 3) Mexica, an ethnic group-people from Metzliapán, “Moon Lake” their name for Lake Texcoco.

29. 4) Mexica, Acolhua, Tepanec, and Tlahuica are ethnic groups, all of who speak Nahuatl 5) In 1428, Aztecs established alliance of three polities; a) Tenochtitlán (Mexica), b) Texcoco (Acolhua), and c) Tlacopan (dissident Tepanec polity).

30. 6) Tenochtitlán’s site where eagle seated on a cactus eating a snake was spotted. 7) Population of around 200,000 people. 8) Great marketplace of Tlatelolco was attended by over 60,000 people daily. 9) Chinampas produced 7 crops per year and provided over half of the basic food needs of Tenochtitlán.