1. PUBLIC UNDERSTANDING OF SCIENCE W. G. SCOTT RAL/PPD 28 Nov 2007 We are encouraged to spend 1% of our research grant funding on “outreach” activities, promoting understanding, appreciation and awareness of our science to the general public: Targeting 11-16 yr olds in schools etc. can help attract more young people into a scientific career. (e.g. RAL MasterClass 12-14 Mar 2008). Helps ensure that the UKs front line contribution in this science is recognised by opinion formers, decision-takers/politicians. Taxpayers can have an appreciation and awareness of the research being funded on their behalf. Helps produce highly qualified researchers with advanced skills needed by academia, industry and commerce.

2. THE STANDARD MODEL: “higgs potential” fermion kinetic term gauge “kinetic” term yukawa term higgs kinetic term where: “covariant derivative” field-strength tensor vector potential (schematic)

3. THE HIGGS FIELD: gives masses to the pointlike particles : quarks leptons W,Z etc. refraction?.

4. u=“UP” (+2/3) PROTON NEUTRON d=“DOWN” (-1/3) QUARKS …but not to the neutron/proton!

5. PARTICLE PHYSICS http://www.net.rl.ac.uk/ramfiles/ppd2001-01.ram

6. THE ATOM neutron NUCLEUS electrons (-) proton (+)

7. u=“UP” (+2/3) PROTON NEUTRON d=“DOWN” (-1/3) QUARKS

8. ELECTRICAL FORCES e-e- e-e- Photon QUANTUM FIELD THEORY

9. QED e- γ

13. d d γ QED

14. QUARK CONFINEMENT The “Strong” Force Quark Antiquark

15. “CHROMOSTATICS”

16. THE “COLOUR” FORCE

17. QCD gluons 8 colours quarks 3 colours

19. THE WEAK FORCE Beta Decay np Antineutrino Electron

20. BETA DECAY (at the quark level) du Antineutrino Electron

22. u e- d W+ WEAK INTERACTION

23. THE WEAK FORCE u e- W+ Due to W-boson exchange

24. The Discovery of the W +/- and Z 0 UAI (1983) MASSES: W +/- ≈ 80GeV Z 0 ≈ 91GeV

25. NEUTRAL CURRENTS (1973)

26. ELECTRO-WEAK

27. THE “FORCE” PARTICLES g 1 g 2 g 3 g 4 g 5 g 6 g 7 g 8 W - Z 0 W + γ

28. CERN

34. THE “MATTER” PARTICLES Q -1 0-1/3 +2/3

35. THE DISCOVERY OF TOP (Fermilab USA 1994) top ≈ 180 GeV

36. ELECTROWEAK e-e- e+e+ z0z0 w+w+ w-w-

38. GAUGE THEORIES

42. MATTER PARTICLES (Fermions) FORCE PARTICLES (Bosons) 1 + 1 = 0 (Pauli exclusion principle) 1 + 1 = 4 (Stimulated emission, lasers etc)

43. PLANCK SCALE 10 GeV 19 GUT SCALE 10 GeV 16 GRAND UNIFICATION: strong weak hyper. INVERSE COUPLING ENERGY GeV

44. INTERACTION WITH THE HIGGS FIELD gives masses to the “point-like” particles, quarks, leptons, W, Z etc.

45. PROF HIGGS UNIV EDINBURGH

46. HIGGS AT LEP

47. TO DISCOVER THE HIGGS WE NEED: THE LHC

52. V THE NEUTRINO A VERY FRIENDLY PARTICLE

53. ATMOSPHERIC NEUTRINOS

54. SUPER-KAMIOKANDE

55. MINOS CHICAGOMINESSOTA (750 Km)

57. CP-VIOLATION

58. THE FUNDAMENTAL FORCES WEAK STRONGGRAVITY ELECTRO- MAGNETIC UNIFIED FORCE?

59. 1973“Neutral currents” 1983w+/-, z 1996z* → ww RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN PARTICLE PHYSICS

60. NEUTRINO MASSES ?? 1)Solar 2)Atmospheric →v 3 ≈ 85 MeV ?

61. THE DISCOVERY OF TOP (1994) t → b w ev top ≈ 180 GeV

62. ATMOSPHERIC NEUTRINOS EARTH Cosmic ray (protons) Neutrino Detector