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Deep Vein Thrombosis & Malignancy Department of Radiation Oncology Presented by Dr. Muhammad Zubaer Hussain Deep Vein Thrombosis & Malignancy Department of Radiation Oncology Presented by Dr. Muhammad Zubaer Hussain
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Incidence About 600,000 hospitalizations per year occur for DVT in the United States. 100,000 to 300,000 VTE-related deaths occur annually in the United States. Approximately 1 person in 20 develops a DVT in the course of his or her lifetime.
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In-hospital VTE In hospitalized patients, the incidence of venous thrombosis is considerably higher and varies from 20-70%. The in-hospital case- fatality rate for VTE is 12% rising to 21% in elderly persons. Venous thrombosis is second leading cause of death in cancer patients.
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Lower Limb DVT Although most DVT is occult and resolves spontaneously without complication, It is the underlying source of 90% of acute PEs PE occurs in approximately 10% of patients with acute DVT and can cause up to 10% of in hospital deaths. Cause 25,000 deaths per year in the United States.
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Upper Limb DVT Asymmetry in the supraclavicular fossa or in the circumference of the upper arms. A prominent superficial venous pattern may be evident on the anterior chest wall.
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Lower Limb DVT Upper Limb DVT
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Risk Factors Age (In elderly persons, the incidence is increased 4-fold) Immobilization longer than 3 days Pregnancy and the postpartum period Major surgery in previous 4 weeks Plane/car trips (> 4 hours) in previous 4 wks Cancer (30%) Previous DVT
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Risk Factors…Contd Stroke ( DVT is found in 53% of paralyzed limbs, compared with only 7% on the nonaffected side.) Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) Congestive heart failure (CHF) Sepsis Nephrotic syndrome Ulcerative colitis Multiple trauma CNS/spinal cord injury Burns
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Risk Factors Homocystinuria Polycythemia rubra vera Thrombocytosis Inherited disorders of coagulation Drug abuse Oral contraceptives
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Malignancy & DVT Malignancy is noted in as many as 30% of patients with venous thrombosis. 90% of cancer patients having some abnormal coagulation factors. Chemotherapy may increase the risk of venous thrombosis by affecting the vascular endothelium, coagulation cascades, and tumor cell lysis. The incidence has been shown to increase in those patients undergoing longer courses of therapy.
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AETIOLOGY of DVT in CANCER PATIENTS Hypercoagulable State Increased plasma levels of Clotting factors Cancer procoagulant Tissue factor Cytokines Inrceased plasminogen activator Surgical Intervertion Chemotherapy Prolonged Immobilization
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TYPE of CANCERS with DVT Pancreas Lung Breast GI tumor Prostate Multiple Myeloma Lymphoma Leaukaemia
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Postoperative venous thrombosis Varies depending on a multitude of patient factors, including the type of surgery undertaken. Without prophylaxis, general surgery operations typically have an incidence of DVT around 20% in benign disease, whereas 36% in cancer patients.
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DIAGNOSIS
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Symptoms and Signs Lower limb DVT characteristically starts with Pain (50%) Swelling An increase in temperature and Dilatation of the superficial veins. Often, however, there are only minimal S/S Typically unilateral but may be bilateral ( when clot extends proximally into the inferior vena cava. ) ( Bilateral DVT is more commonly seen in patients with underlying malignancy )
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Symptoms and Signs Most specific symptom Leg pain - Occurs in 50% of patients but is nonspecific Tenderness - Occurs in 75% of patients Warmth or Erythema of the skin over the area of thrombosis
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Symptoms and Signs …contd Clinical symptoms of pulmonary embolism (PE) as the primary manifestation Calf pain on dorsiflexion of the foot (Homans sign) Variable discoloration of the lower extremity
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Well’s Score Clinical characteristicScore Active cancer (patient receiving treatment for cancer within the previous 6 months or currently receiving palliative treatment) 1 Paralysis, paresis or recent plaster immobilisation of the lower extremities 1 Recently bedridden for 3 days or more, or major surgery within the previous 4 weeks 1 Localised tenderness along the distribution of the deep venous system 1 Entire leg swollen 1 Calf swelling at least 3 cm larger than that on the asymptomatic side (measured 10 cm below the tibial tuberosity) 1 Pitting oedema confined to the symptomatic leg 1 Collateral superficial veins (non-varicose) 1 Alternative diagnosis at least as likely as DVT -2
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Well’s Score…contd Clinical probability Total score DVT low probability< 1 DVT moderate probability1-2 DVT high probability> 2
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DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSES Table 262-2 Differential Diagnosis Ruptured Baker's cyst Cellulitis Postphlebitic syndrome/venous insufficiency
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Symptoms and Signs …contd Baker's cysts usually occur in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Cellulitis is usually distinguished by Marked skin erythema and temperature which is localised within a well-demarcated area of the leg and may be associated with an obvious source of entry of infection Fever and chills Postphlebitic syndrome. Leg is diffusely edematous skin ulceration, especially in the medial malleolus of the leg
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INVESTIGATIONS
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D-dimer Compression USG (sensitivity is ~99.5%) Venogram
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Investigations of Suspected DVT
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D-dimer D-dimer is a useful "rule out" test. Sensitivity >80% for DVT and >95% for PE. Levels increase in patients with MI Pneumonia Sepsis
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USG of Rt. Popliteal Vein
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COMPLICATIONS VTE can cause death from PE or, among survivors Ch. thromboemboli c Pulmonary HTN Postphlebitic/Post thrombotic/C hronic venous insufficiency ± Ulceration
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Management Prophylactic management: Non Pharmacological: Early mobilization of all patients Intermittent pneumatic compression Mechanical foot pumps Graduated compression stockings.
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Prophylactic management (Contd) Pharmacological: (Moderate to High risk of DVT) Low molecular weight heparins (eg. Enoxaparin) Unfractionated heparin Fondaparinux Apixaban Dabigatran Rivaroxaban Warfarin Aspirin
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Prophylactic management (Contd) Pharmacological: Enoxaparin 40mg sc once daily Fondaparinux 2.5 mg sc once daily Apixaban PO ( Showing promising result in clinical trial) Warfarin 10 mg on the first and second days, with 5 mg on the third day; subsequent doses are titrated against the INR.
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Moderate risk of DVT: Major surgery Or, Major medical illness, e.g. Heart failure Myocardial infarction with complications Sepsis Active malignancy Stroke and other conditions leading to lower limb paralysis
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High risk of DVT: Major abdominal or pelvic surgery for malignancy for malignancy or or with history of DVT with history of DVT or or known thrombophilia known thrombophilia Major hip or knee surgery Neurosurgery
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Management of Established DVT General management: Elevation of limb Analgesia Anticoagulant: ( mainstay of treatment) Inferior Vena Caval (IVC) Filters CI to anticoagulation and Recurrent venous thrombosis despite intensive anticoagulation.
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Management of Established DVT Anticoagulant: Low molecular weight heparin(LMWH): 1mg/kg sc 12 hrly or, Unfractionated heparin 5000 U iv loading continuous inf 20U/kg/hr 5000 U iv loading continuous inf 20U/kg/hr Parenteral anticoagulation should be continued for a minimum of 5 days Warfarin: 10 mg on the first and second days, with 5 mg on the third day; subsequent doses are titrated against the INR.
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