1. The Islamic Gunpowder Empires 1500-1800
Global Interdependence and Exchange

2. Trio of Empires Ottoman Empire (1289-1918) Safavid Empire (1501-1722)
Mughal Empire ( )

3. Islam Central to nation-state expansion
Religion, culture & civilization
Quran – Holy book. Revelations given to Mohammed.
Sharia – Totality of political, religious, social and private life.

4. 5 Pillars of Islam Declaration of Islam Prayer Fasting – Ramadan
Almsgiving – Zakat
Pilgrimage - Hajj

5. Islam is not monolithic
Sunni – Approximately 90% of Muslims.
Shi’a – Re-established with the emergence of the Safavid dynasty.
Sufi – Mystic tradition.
The Sunni branch believes that the first four caliphs--Mohammed's successors--rightfully took his place as the leaders of Muslims. They recognize the heirs of the four caliphs as legitimate religious leaders. These heirs ruled continuously in the Arab world until the break-up of the Ottoman Empire following the end of the First World War. Shiites, in contrast, believe that only the heirs of the fourth caliph, Ali, are the legitimate successors of Mohammed. Sufi brotherhoods and sisterhoods can be Sunni or Sh’ia

6. Ottoman Empire 1298-1918 First of the three Reached its peak in 1600
Survived through WWI
Present day Turkey

7. Ottoman – Beginnings
Grew from remnants of Turkic peoples after fall of Mongol Rule
Ghazi Warriors
Osman Bey
Gazi warriors – sacred duty to extend faith.

8. Empire Building 1300-1400 Janissaries (yeni cheri)
Greece, Albania, Bulgaria and former Yugoslavia
Official recognition of Orthodox Christian Church
Invasion of Timur destroyed most of empire

9. Mehmed the Conqueror 1451-81 Taking of Constantinople
“Sovereign of the Two Lands and the Two Seas” – Established Ottoman Empire in Europe and Asia
Artillery & naval power

10. Military Campaigns
Shift focus from Christian Europe to Islamic Empires in Egypt and Persia
Fierce campaign against the Safavids
Mecca and Medina

11. Suleyman I 1520-66 Suleyman the Magnificent
Height of the Ottoman Empire
Further move into Europe
Renewed hostilities with Safavids

12. Franco-Ottoman Alliance 1536
Roman Empire vs France
Ottomans sided with France
Cornerstone of European diplomacy
Countered other European alliances
Suleyman able to focus on conquest of other Islamic Empires

13. Relations with Safavids
Renewed hostilities
Took Baghdad and Tabriz, the capital
By 1538 controlled Persian Gulf and Red Sea
Treaty of 1555 returned Tabriz to Safavids

14. Death and Decline Loss to Europeans at Malta - 1565
Suleyman died in 1566
By 1600 lost much of its power
Survived until the end of WWI

15. Safavid Empire 1501-1722 Origins as a religious sect
Officially a Shi’ite empire
Short lived
Present day Iran

16. Shah Ismail 1501-26 Twelver Shi’ism official religion
Violent conversion
Qizilbash
Claimed Ottoman land

17. Instability 1524-87 Death of Ismail – 1524
Power struggle among Qizilbash
Move to more secular administration
Attempt to return to Sunni origins
Number of rulers unable to stabilize empire
The Qizilbash ("Red Heads" due to their red headgear) were a religious group of different ethnic backgrounds, who helped found the Safavid dynasty. Kizilbash were able to produce a well-equipped army which was loyal to the Dynasty. They fought many campaigns, mosty against the Ottomans.

18. Abbas the Great 1587-1629 Rejuvenated empire Quelled internal revolts
Faced Ottomans
Enhanced trade with Europeans

19. Domestic Affairs Permanent paid army to counter Qizilbash infighting
Centralization of power
Relocation of capital to Isfahan

20. Conflict with the Ottomans
Peace Treaty of 1590
Retook Tabriz in 1605
Recaptured Baghdad 1623
By death in 1629 Safavid Empire restored to borders established by Ismail I

21. Europeans
Concluded new trade agreements to offset losses to Portuguese
Traded Persian silks with English
Became middleman for Indian goods
Allied with British against Ottomans

22. Decline Abbas I feared ascension to throne
Ceased giving provincial governorships to Safavid princes
No shah was prepared to hold empire together
Fell to Afghan invaders

23. Mughal Empire 1523-1739 Struggle to consolidate
Succession of strong rulers
Eventually absorbed by British Empire in India – mid 19th century

24. Founding of the empire
Previous examples of positive Muslim-Hindu relations
Babur established capital at Kabul (present capital of Afghanistan)
Consolidated territory of Hindustan (India) with use of artillery

25. Humayun 1530-56 Unstable administration
Brothers challenged for the throne
Race for territory with Sher Shah
Held onto Mughal Empire

26. Akbar 1556-1605 Consolidated and expanded empire
Put down challenges to the throne
Continued tradition of tolerance of Hindu traditions

27. Conquest and Expansion
Rajasthan
Province of Bengal
Hindustan Plain
Province of Kashmir

28. Religion & Administration
Tolerated Hindu religion
Invited missionaries to teach tenets of Christianity
Moved away from orthodox Islam

29. Transition Campaign for the southern tip of the Indian subcontinent
Strained relations between Hindus and Muslims
Social unrest

30. Imperial Islamic Society
Military Nation-State
Economics
Islam & Art
Many differences and tensions but there are some important similarities that we see emerge from these three empires.

31. Military Nation-State
Empires legitimized rule with military conquest
Armies were important part of leadership
Use of gunpowder artillery turned tables of warfare

32. Economics Trade – extensive routes Agriculture and commerce
Point of exchange
Agriculture and commerce were integral components of an extensive trade infrastructure. Became a point of interchange with Europe, Asia and Africa.

33. Islam & Art Architecture Poetry Painting
Religion greatly impacted art. Many of the art pieces that have survived show a practical usefulness to their creation. In addition there was a religious connection. Architecture became the most enduring. Mosques, tombs, and the Taj Mahal.

34. Decline of Islamic Empires
Limits of military state
Economic stagnation
Cultural islands
Three factors are integral to each other.

35. Limits of Military State
Inconsistent leadership
Costly wars of conquest
Internal dissention and competition
All three underwent numerous leadership changes without the gurantntee that there would be a strong leader. Internal dissention, esp. The Ottomans and Safavids, gazi and qizilbash

36. Economic Stagnation Weak middle-class
Trade routes began to move onto the sea routes
Loss of revenue with loss of territory
Middle class was more interested in trade and commerce but adherehce to a strcit military state gave sucha class little support. With the loss of territory less taxes were being collected.

37. Cultural Isolation European interest was not reciprocated
Resistance to outside cultural influences
Faith and tradition vs. technology
Conservative resistance to technology such as the printing press as well as other scientific discoveries. Not ot judge progress versus backwardsness

38. Conclusion Empires represented growing interdependence
Exchange of people, ideas and technology
Use of artillery changed warfare
Legacy of art, religion and nation
Islam figures into nationalism in contemporary times. Ie Iran and Iraq. Double edge sward I mean this empires used gunpowder artillery to further military expansion yet were inflexible about other outside technologicalinfluences.