1. Surface and Boundary-Layer Fluxes during the DYNAMO Field Program C. Fairall, S. DeSzoeke, J. Edson, + Surface cloud radiative forcing (CF) Diurnal cycles Surface flux product Radar turbulence and microphysics retrievals Convective mass flux parameterization

2. Cloud Forcing Cloud forcing is the difference in the observed mean radiative flux versus what the flux would be in the absence of clouds

3. Time Series Flux Components and SFC Daily Averages

4. Average to week-month Scales

5. Mean Tropical Surface Energy Budget Terms Table 1. Tropical Surface Energy Budgets from Fairall et al. 2008 ExperimentSolarLWSENSIBLELATENTRAINNET TOGA COARE PILOT197-43-12-116-322 TC-1222-58-7-8965 TC-2166-46-11-117-4-12 TC-3190-51-10-112-313 TC Undisturbed247-57-5-8499 TC Disturbed158-43-11-150-5-51 JASMINE-2205-43-9-125-227 JASMINE STAR 1 (UND)260-49-5-115092 JASMINE STAR 2 (DIS)128-31-17-162-7-89 TC all198-49-8-105-334 JASMINE all217-42-6-109-262 EPIC (East Pacific UND)224-33-8-800102 EPIC (East Pacific ITCZ)163-42-19-128-7-33 DYNAMO leg2216-42-10-126-230 DYNAMO leg3214-41-11-122-238 DYNAMO Undisturbed256-59-6-102090 DYNAMO disturbed206-50-9-95-250 DYNAMO mjo140-45-18-135-6-62 TOGA COARE – a 3 month study of MJO and surface fluxes in the equatorial W. Pacific. JASMINE – a 40-day study of pre-monsoon and monsoon convection In the Bay of Bengal. EPIC – A multi-year set of 1- month cruises in the equatorial E. Pacific and the ITCZ. DYNAMO – a 3-4 month study Of MJO and surface fluxes in the equatorial Indian Ocean

6. Tropical Energy Budget Correlations

7. Diurnal Jim Edson produced updated code for coare warm layer Also interested in diurnal variations in cloud properties.

8. Diurnal SST Averages in Wind Speed/Forcing Ranges: Snake and TSG: Measured and Modeled Wind speed bins: upper – strong; middle – med; bottom - light Forcing: upper – suppressed; middle – disturbed; Lower - MJO

9. Correcting the TSG to the Surface Mean diurnal cycle of TSG, Snake, and model estimate of Snake based on TSD Individual diurnal time series of Snake – Tx. Upper – Tx=TSG, observed; lower Tx=Tsnake model using TSG

10. Surface Flux Product Spatial grid in IO region. Daily and/or 6 hr Turbulent, radiative, precip: Blended from various products Use in situ to evaluated accuracy. High-resolution (0.125 0 ) radiative fluxes for one day as generated from METEOSAT-5.

11. Turbulence/Microphysics

12. Microphysic vs Turbulence W=Wfall+Wturb Frisch et al - 3 radar moments to 3 moments of gaussian drop distribution. Means Pinsky – separate Vg and Wturb time series assuming variations uncorrelated –Keys on –Wturb=a0/sig(Z)*(W- ) Shupe et al – Relate true air motion to left side of Doppler spectrum

13. VOCALS Grand Average

15. Pinsky Separation

16. Sample Separation 1 hr

17. Application to BL Turbulence Parameterization Local vs Non-local Turbulence closures Local gradient Non local convective mass flux Sigma is updraft area fraction Updraft fraction related to velocity skewness Eddy diffusion coefficient related thru dissipation time scale Mass flux related to vertical velocity moments Hybrid

18. VOCALS 1 Day

19. Trade Wind Q and Shallow Convection

20. Concept: Use Wband for incloud and Lidar for subcloud and between cloud