1. What are the 4 branches of Science?
1. Biology
Study of life
2. Chemistry
Study of composition of matter
Physics
Study of forces and motion
Earth Science
Study of the Earth and its surroundings

2. Four Branches of Earth Science
Geology
Study of the solid earth
Oceanography
Study of the oceans
Meteorology
Study of the atmosphere and weather
Astronomy
Study of the universe

3. 4 Earth’s Spheres

4. 1. Hydrosphere = all earth’s water…everywhere.

5. 2. Atmosphere = all the air surrounding earth

6. 3. Geosphere = all of the solid earth

7. 4. Biosphere = all living things on earth

8. Determining Location
Latitude – distance N or S of equator measured in degrees
Lines run east and west
Measures distances N & S
0º = equator
90º = poles

9. Determining Location
Longitude – distance E or W of the Prime Meridian measured in degrees
Lines run N and S
Measures distances E & W
0º = Prime Meridian…Greenwich, Eng.
180º = International Date Line

11. Maps
Projecting from a round earth/globe onto a flat map will always produce some type of distortion…
Land & distances at the poles are greatly enlarged
Land & distances at the equator are normal

12. Topographic Maps (Contour Maps)
Represents the 3-D earth in 2-D.
Shows elevations by contour lines (lines of equal elevation)
Contour interval – elevation difference between adjacent lines
Scale – a distance on the map = a distance on the surface (ratio, bar, verbal)
Legend/key – explains symbols on the map

13. Latitude and Longitude
Written as follows: 118°00’00” meaning 118 degrees, 0 minutes, and 0 seconds.
31°30’15” = 31 degrees, 30 minutes, and 15 seconds.
Remember that minutes and seconds only go to 60…not 100!
Always connect the top/bottom and left/right lines of lat or long

15. Rules of Contour Lines Never cross “Vs” point upstream
Closely spaced lines = steep land
Farther spaced lines = flatter land
Form closed loops

16. Atoms Atom – the first man
Atom – smallest particle of matter that contains the characteristics of the element
Are neutral
Equal #s protons and electrons

17. Atom Parts Protons – positively charged Neutrons – no charge (neutral)
1 amu = mass
Found in nucleus
Neutrons – no charge (neutral)
Electrons – negatively charged
Very little mass
Outside of nucleus in energy levels

18. Atomic number – # of protons in the nucleus
Sequentially numbered
Mass number - # of protons and neutrons in the nucleus
Isotope – atom with same # of protons but a different # of neutrons
Used for dating rocks/fossils/etc
EX: 12C and 14C
Ion – atoms that gained or lost electrons giving them a charge (+ or -)

20. Mixtures, Solutions, Compounds
Mixture – combination of substances…
Components don’t lose identities
Easy to separate components
Not in a set ratio
Solutions – special type of mixture
Compounds – 2 or more elements chemically combined
Components do lose their identity
Components can’t be separated out easily
Components in a specific, set ratio

21. Atomic Bonds
Atoms without a full outer energy level are likely to bond chemically…3 types:
Ionic – formed when electrons are transferred between atoms
- between metals and non-metals
Covalent – when electrons are shared between the atoms of non-metals
Metallic – when electrons are shared by all the metal ions on the surface of the “stuff”