1. Introduction to CERN Dr. Wolfgang von Rüden, CERN, Geneva Thanks to F. Briard for providing some of the slides June 2010

2. Our universe has gigantic dimensions and continues to expand. At the same time it is cooling down...... and has been doing so for approximately 13.7 billion years June 20102Wolfgang von Rüden, CERN

3. Big Bang Evolution of the Universe Today 13.7 Billion Years 10 28 cm or 100 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 km LHC 10 -10 s June 20103Wolfgang von Rüden, CERN

4. Hubble ALMA VLT WMAP Atom Proton Big Bang Radius of the Earth Radius of Galaxies Distance Earth to Sun Universe cm Studying the fundamental laws of nature right after the big bang is the ideal complement to the observations made by astrophysics and cosmology Super-Microscope LHC June 20104Wolfgang von Rüden, CERN

5. Inside Matter June 2010Wolfgang von Rüden, CERN5 All matter is made of the same constituents What are they? What are the forces between them?

6. The matter particles The ‘Standard Model’ Gravitationelectromagnetism weak nuclear force strong nuclear force The fundamental interactions = cosmic DNA

7. Some particles have mass, some do not 0 Where do the masses comes from ? Newton: Weight proportional to Mass Einstein: Energy related to Mass Neither explained origin of Mass Are masses due to Higgs boson? (yet another particle)

8. Astronomers say that most of the matter in the Universe is invisible Dark Matter We shall look for them with the LHC Dark Matter in the Universe ‘Supersymmetric’ particles ?

9. Fundamental physics questions: Why do particles have mass? – Newton could not explain it - and neither can we… What is 96% of the Universe made of? – We only know 4% of it! Why is there no antimatter left in the Universe? – Nature should be symmetrical What was matter like during the first second of the Universe’s life, right after the "Big Bang"? – A journey towards the beginning of the Universe will gives us deeper insight CERN has built a new accelerator, the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), allowing us to look at microscopic big bangs to understand the fundamental laws of nature June 20109Wolfgang von Rüden, CERN

10. CERN stands for over 50 years of… fundamental research and discoveries technological innovation training and education bringing the world together 1954 Rebuilding Europe First meeting of the CERN Council 1980 East meets West Visit of a delegation from Beijing 2008 Global Collaboration The Large Hadron Collider involves over 100 countries June 201010Wolfgang von Rüden, CERN

11. E uropean C ouncil for N uclear R esearch C onseil E uropéen pour la R echerche N ucléaire E uropean O rganization for N uclear R esearch O rganisation E uropéenne pour la R echerche N ucléaire What means « »?CERNCERN 19521954 European Laboratory for Particle Physics

12. Twenty Member States: AustriaBelgiumBulgariaCzech Republic DenmarkFinlandFranceGermany GreeceHungaryItalyNetherlands NorwayPolandPortugalSlovak Republic SpainSwedenSwitzerlandUnited Kingdom Plus eight Observers: European Commission, India, Israel, Japan, Russian Federation, Turkey, UNESCO and USA Budget: (2009) 1100 MCHF Personnel: 2256 Staff, 700 Fellows and Associates, >10’000 Users CERN Governance June 201012Wolfgang von Rüden, CERN

14. CERN’s tools The world’s most powerful accelerator: LHC – A 27 km long tunnel filled with high-tech instruments – Equipped with thousands of superconducting magnets – Accelerates particles to energies never obtained before – Produces particle collisions creating microscopic “big bangs” Very large sophisticated detectors – Four experiments each the size of a cathedral – Hundred million measurement channels each – Data acquisition systems treating Petabytes per second Top level computing to distribute and analyse the data – A Computing Grid linking ~200 computer centres around the globe – Sufficient computing power and storage to handle 15 Petabytes per year, making them available to thousands of physicists for analysis

15. June 201015Wolfgang von Rüden, CERN

16. CERN’s accelerator complex

17. LHC June 2010 17Wolfgang von Rüden, CERN

18. The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) tunnel June 2010 18Wolfgang von Rüden, CERN

19. Enter a New Era in Fundamental Science Start-up of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), one of the largest and truly global scientific projects ever, is the most exciting turning point in particle physics. ALICE ATLAS CMS Exploration of a new energy frontier Proton-proton collisions at E CM = 14 TeV Exploration of a new energy frontier Proton-proton collisions at E CM = 14 TeV LHC ring: 27 km circumference

20. The “ATLAS” experiment during construction 7000 tons, 150 million sensors, 1 peta byte /s June 201020Wolfgang von Rüden, CERN

21. The most extensive scientific computing grid 15 Petabytes (15 millions Gigabytes) of data every year 200’000 processors >200 computer centres all over the planet

22. Spin-offs from High-Energy Physics Three examples: -Medical Diagnostics -Medical Treatment -World Wide Web June 201022Wolfgang von Rüden, CERN

23. Photon detection used for calorimetry Idea of PET CMS calorimeter PET today June 201023Wolfgang von Rüden, CERN

24. Accelerators: developed in physics labs are used in hospitals Courtesy of IBA Hadron Therapy Around 9000 of the 17000 accelerators operating in the World today are used for medicine. Example: Hadron Therapy June 201024Wolfgang von Rüden, CERN

25. Practical applications: the World Wide Web Developed with the experience of LEP in preparation of the LHC project in 1989! Freely given to the world!

26. CERN – a laboratory with extreme requirements in many domains Extreme requirements can only be fulfilled with constant innovation

27. The fastest racetrack on the planet… Trillions of protons will race around the 27km ring in opposite directions over 11,000 times a second, travelling at 99.999999991 per cent the speed of light. June 201027Wolfgang von Rüden, CERN

28. The emptiest space in the solar system… To accelerate protons to almost the speed of light requires a vacuum as empty as interplanetary space. There is 10 times more atmosphere on the moon than there will be in the LHC. June 201028Wolfgang von Rüden, CERN

29. One of the coldest places in the universe… With an operating temperature of about -271 degrees Celsius, just 1.9 degrees above absolute zero, the LHC is colder than outer space. June 201029Wolfgang von Rüden, CERN

30. The hottest spots in the galaxy… When two beams of protons collide, they will generate temperatures 1000 million times hotter than the heart of the sun, but in a minuscule space. June 201030Wolfgang von Rüden, CERN

31. The biggest most sophisticated detectors ever built… ALICE To sample and record the debris from up to 600 million proton collisions per second, scientists are building gargantuan devices that measure particles with micron precision. June 201031Wolfgang von Rüden, CERN

32. One of the most extensive computer system in the world… To analyse the data, tens of thousands of computers around the world are being harnessed in the Grid. The laboratory that gave the world the web, is now taking distributed computing a big step further. June 201032Wolfgang von Rüden, CERN

33. The Mecca of the Particle Physics community … … bringing the world together June 201033Wolfgang von Rüden, CERN