2. Yuh-Jzer JoungProcessors Processors Hardware for Power & Portability

3. Yuh-Jzer JoungProcessors Form Vacuum Tubes to transistors to microchips Vacuum tube Transistor

4. Yuh-Jzer JoungProcessors Vacuum tubes Transistors Integrated Circuit (IC) Large-Scale Integrated Circuit (LSI) Vary-Large-Scale Integrated Circuit (VLSI) Technology Development

5. Yuh-Jzer JoungProcessors A chip, or microchip is a tiny piece of silicon that contains millions of microminiature electronic circuit components, mainly transistors. A microprocessor is the miniaturized circuitry of a computer processor---the part that processes, or manipulates, data into information. Experts predict that small, powerful, wireless electronic devices will transform our lives more than the personal computer has done so far. Miniaturization Miracle & Mobility Wafer imprinted with many microprocessors.

6. Yuh-Jzer JoungProcessors Five Types of Computer System Microcontrollers: tiny, specialized microprocessors installed in “smart” appliances and automobiles. Microcomputers: Minicomputers Mainframes Supercomputers

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8. Yuh-Jzer JoungProcessors Microcomputers: personal computers and workstations Microcomputers are small computers that can fit on or beside a desk or or portable. Personal computers (PCs) are desktop, tower, or portable computers such as pocket PCs, sub-notebook, notebook, laptops, desktop, tower units and workstations. Workstations are usually more sophisticated than PCs. But the decline in workstation prices and the increase in PC power have blurred the difference.

9. Yuh-Jzer JoungProcessors Minicomputers Minicomputers are machines midway in cost and capability between microcomputer and mainframes.

10. Yuh-Jzer JoungProcessors Mainframes Mainframes are the oldest category of computer system, which usually occupy specially wired, air-conditioned rooms and capable of great processing speeds and data storage. Three trends: Old mainframes will be kept for some purposes. Networks of smaller computers will grow. Mainframes will be reinvented. IBM ES/9000

11. Yuh-Jzer JoungProcessors Supercomputers Supercomputers are designed in two ways: Vector processors Massively parallel processors

12. Yuh-Jzer JoungProcessors Powerful supercomputer network A server, or network server, is a central computer that holds databases and programs for many PCs,workstations, or terminals,which are called clients.These clients are linked by a wired or wireless network.The entire network is called a client/server network

13. Yuh-Jzer JoungProcessors The CPU (central processing unit) The control unit: The control unit tells the rest of the computer system how to carry out a program’s instructions. The arithmetic/logic unit: The arithmetic/logic unit, or ALU, performs arithmetic operations and logical operations and controls the speed of those operations.

14. Yuh-Jzer JoungProcessors Main memory (RAM) Expansion slots Expansion slots Bus Control unit ALU Registers Bus CPU Local bus Expansion bus

15. Yuh-Jzer JoungProcessors Main Memory & Registers Main memory, also known as primary storage, internal memory, or RAM (random access memory), is a working storage to (1) hold data for processing, (2) hold instructions to process the data, and/or (3) to hold processed data waiting to be sent to an output or secondary- storage device. Registers are high-speed storage areas that temporarily data during processing. Main memory and registers are examples of volatile storage --- whose contents are lost during the power is turned-off.

16. Yuh-Jzer JoungProcessors Machine Cycle The machine cycle is a series of operations performed to execute a single program instruction.The machine cycle consists of two parts: The instruction cycle: in the instruction cycle, or I-cycle, the control unit (1) fetches (gets) an instruction from main memory and (2) decodes that instruction (determines what it means). The execution cycle: During the execution cycle, or E-cycle, the arithmetic/logic unit (3) executes the instruction and (4) stores the processed results in main memory or a register.

17. Yuh-Jzer JoungProcessors The machine cycle Fetch Decode Store Execute Instruction cycle Execution cycle

18. Yuh-Jzer JoungProcessors Processing Speeds Time to complete one machine cycle, in fractions of a second Time in millions of machine cycles per second (MHz) Time to complete instructions, in millions of instructions per second (MIPS) Time in floating-point operations per second (flops) ：

19. Yuh-Jzer JoungProcessors The Microcomputer System Unit  Power supply  Motherboard  CPU  Specialized processor chips  System clock  RAM (Random Access Memory)  ROM (Read Only Memory)  Other form of memory ---- cache, VRAM, flash  Expansion slots and boards  Bus lines  Ports  PC slots and card

20. Yuh-Jzer JoungProcessors Power Supply The power supply is a device that converts AC to DC to run the computer. A surge protector,or surge suppressor, is a device that protects a computer from being damaged by surges (spikes) of high voltage. A UPS, for uninterruptible power supply, is a battery-operated device that provides a computer with electricity if there is a power failure.

21. Yuh-Jzer JoungProcessors CPU chips Intel 86 series (and their variations made by AMD, Cyrix). Motorola 68000 series, primary for Apple Macintosh computers. In 1994, Motorola joined forces with IBM and Apple to produce the PowerPC chip. RISC architecture (Reduced Instruction Set Computing) developed by Sun Microsystems, HP, and Digital. Specialized Processor Chips: A motherboard usually has slots for plugging in specialized processor chips. Specialized chips significantly increase the speed of a computer system A word is the number of bits manipulated at one time by the CPU.

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23. Yuh-Jzer JoungProcessors Machine Language  Machine language is a binary-type programming language that the computer can run directly.  A language compiler translates high-level human-readable programming languages into machine languages.

24. Yuh-Jzer JoungProcessors Memory chips RAM temporarily holds data and instructions that will be will be needed shortly by the CPU. RAM chips are usually assembled into a SIMM (single inline memory module). ROM, which stands for read-only memory and is also known as firmware, cannot be written on or erased by the computer user. Other Form of Memory Cache memory is a special high-speed memory area that the CPU can access quickly. Video memory is used to store display images for the monitor. Flash memory is used primarily in notebook computers.

25. Yuh-Jzer JoungProcessors Types of Memory DRAM: Dynamic Random Access memory. SRAM: Static Random Access memory. ROM: Read-Only Memory. PROM: Programmable Read-Only Memory. EPROM: Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory. EEPROM: Electronically erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory.

26. Yuh-Jzer JoungProcessors Expansion Slots & Boards Expansion slots are sockets on the motherboard into which you can plug expansion cards. Expansion cards,or add-on boards,are circuit boards that provide more memory or control peripheral devices. Among the types of expansion cards are: Expanded memory Display adapter or graphics adapter cards Network interface card Controller cards (e.g., disk controller card) Other add-ons

27. Yuh-Jzer JoungProcessors Bus Lines A bus line, or simply bus, is an electrical pathway through which bits are transmitted within the CPU and between the CPU and other devices in the system unit. A bus carries data between RAM and the expansion slots. A bus that connects expansion slots directly to the CPU is called a local bus.

28. Yuh-Jzer JoungProcessors Ports A port is a socket on the outside of the system unit that is connected to an expansion board on the inside of the system unit. Parallel ports: allow lines to be transmitted simultaneously. Serial ports: enables a line to be connected that will send bits one after the other on a single line. Video adapter ports: connect the video display monitor. SCSI (Small Computer System Interface) ports: provides an interface for transferring data at high speeds Game ports: allow you to attach a joystick or similar game-playing device to the system unit.

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32. Yuh-Jzer JoungProcessors PC(PCMCIA) Slot & Cards Short for Personal Computer Memory Card International Association, PCMCIA is a completely open, relatively new bus standard for portable computers. Joke: People Can’t Memorize Computer Industry Acronyms Now usually called PC cards.

33. Yuh-Jzer JoungProcessors Computers & Environmental Questions Energy Consumption & “Green PCs” Environmental Pollution

34. Yuh-Jzer JoungProcessors Future Developments:Near Horizons  Ultra-tiny multimedia superchips  Billion-bit memory chips  Teraflop supercomputers  Stripped-down Internet PCs  Intercast TV/Internet PC

35. Yuh-Jzer JoungProcessors Future Developments:Far horizons  Gallium arsenide  Superconductors  Opto-electronic processing  Nanotechnology  Biotechnology-using DNA molecules