1. Abnormal Psychology Oltmanns and Emery Chapter nine personality Disorders part II presented by: Mani Rafiee

2. Copyright © Prentice Hall 2007

3. Diagnosis (base on clusters)Diagnosis (base on clusters) Schizotypal Personality Disorder (SPD)Schizotypal Personality Disorder (SPD) Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD)Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD) Dependent Personality Disorder (DPD)Dependent Personality Disorder (DPD) Chapter Outline

4. Cluster A: Paranoid, Schizoid, and Schizotypal Personality Disorders The behavior of people who fit the subtypes in this cluster is typically odd, eccentric, or asocial. All three types share similarity with the symptoms of schizophrenia.The behavior of people who fit the subtypes in this cluster is typically odd, eccentric, or asocial. All three types share similarity with the symptoms of schizophrenia. One implicit assumption in the DSM-IV-TR system is that these types of personality disorder may represent behavioral traits or interpersonal styles that precede the onset of psychosis.One implicit assumption in the DSM-IV-TR system is that these types of personality disorder may represent behavioral traits or interpersonal styles that precede the onset of psychosis. Because of their close association with schizophrenia, they are sometimes called schizophrenia spectrum disorders.Because of their close association with schizophrenia, they are sometimes called schizophrenia spectrum disorders.Diagnosis

5. Cluster A: Paranoid, Schizoid, and Schizotypal Personality Disorders (continued) Paranoid personality disorder is characterized by the pervasive tendency to be inappropriately suspicious of other people’s motives and behaviors.Paranoid personality disorder is characterized by the pervasive tendency to be inappropriately suspicious of other people’s motives and behaviors. Because paranoid people do not trust anyone, they have trouble maintaining relationships with friends and family members.Because paranoid people do not trust anyone, they have trouble maintaining relationships with friends and family members.Diagnosis

6. Cluster A: Paranoid, Schizoid, and Schizotypal Personality Disorders (continued) Schizoid personality disorder is defined in terms of a pervasive pattern of indifference to other people, coupled with a diminished range of emotional experience and expression.Schizoid personality disorder is defined in terms of a pervasive pattern of indifference to other people, coupled with a diminished range of emotional experience and expression. These people are loners; they prefer social isolation to interactions with friends or family.These people are loners; they prefer social isolation to interactions with friends or family.Diagnosis

7. Cluster A: Paranoid, Schizoid, and Schizotypal Personality Disorders (continued) Schizotypal personality disorder centers around peculiar patterns of behavior rather than on the emotional restriction and social withdrawal that are associated with schizoid personality disorder.Schizotypal personality disorder centers around peculiar patterns of behavior rather than on the emotional restriction and social withdrawal that are associated with schizoid personality disorder. People with this disorder may report bizarre fantasies and unusual perceptual experiences.People with this disorder may report bizarre fantasies and unusual perceptual experiences.Diagnosis

8. Cluster A: Paranoid, Schizoid, and Schizotypal Personality Disorders (continued) Their speech may be slightly difficult to follow because they use words in an odd way or because they express themselves in a vague or disjointed manner.Their speech may be slightly difficult to follow because they use words in an odd way or because they express themselves in a vague or disjointed manner. In spite of their odd or unusual behaviors, people with schizotypal personality disorder are not psychotic or out of touch with reality.In spite of their odd or unusual behaviors, people with schizotypal personality disorder are not psychotic or out of touch with reality.Diagnosis

9. Cluster B: Antisocial, Borderline, Histrionic, and Narcissistic Personality Disorders According to DSM-IV-TR, these disorders are characterized by dramatic, emotional, or erratic behavior, and all are associated with marked difficulty in sustaining interpersonal relationships.According to DSM-IV-TR, these disorders are characterized by dramatic, emotional, or erratic behavior, and all are associated with marked difficulty in sustaining interpersonal relationships. Antisocial personality disorder is defined in terms of a persistent pattern of irresponsible and antisocial behavior that begins during childhood or adolescence and continues into the adult years.Antisocial personality disorder is defined in terms of a persistent pattern of irresponsible and antisocial behavior that begins during childhood or adolescence and continues into the adult years.Diagnosis

10. Cluster B: Antisocial, Borderline, Histrionic, and Narcissistic Personality Disorders (continued) Borderline personality disorder is a diffuse category whose essential feature is a pervasive pattern of instability in mood and interpersonal relationships.Borderline personality disorder is a diffuse category whose essential feature is a pervasive pattern of instability in mood and interpersonal relationships. People with this disorder find it very difficult to be alone.People with this disorder find it very difficult to be alone. They form intense, unstable relationships with other people and are often seen by others as being manipulative.They form intense, unstable relationships with other people and are often seen by others as being manipulative.Diagnosis

11. Cluster B: Antisocial, Borderline, Histrionic, and Narcissistic Personality Disorders (continued) Many clinicians consider identity disturbance to be the diagnostic hallmark of borderline personality disorder.Many clinicians consider identity disturbance to be the diagnostic hallmark of borderline personality disorder. People with this disturbance presumably have great difficulty maintaining an integrated image of themselves that simultaneously incorporates their positive and negative features.People with this disturbance presumably have great difficulty maintaining an integrated image of themselves that simultaneously incorporates their positive and negative features.Diagnosis

12. Cluster B: Antisocial, Borderline, Histrionic, and Narcissistic Personality Disorders (continued) Histrionic personality disorder is characterized by a pervasive pattern of excessive emotionality and attention seeking behavior.Histrionic personality disorder is characterized by a pervasive pattern of excessive emotionality and attention seeking behavior. People with this disorder thrive on being the center of attention and they want the spotlight on them at all times.People with this disorder thrive on being the center of attention and they want the spotlight on them at all times. They are self-centered, vain, and demanding, and they constantly seek approval from others.They are self-centered, vain, and demanding, and they constantly seek approval from others.Diagnosis

13. Cluster B: Antisocial, Borderline, Histrionic, and Narcissistic Personality Disorders (continued) The concept of histrionic personality disorder overlaps extensively with other types of personality disorder, especially borderline personality disorder.The concept of histrionic personality disorder overlaps extensively with other types of personality disorder, especially borderline personality disorder. There may also be an etiological link between histrionic and antisocial personality disorders.There may also be an etiological link between histrionic and antisocial personality disorders.Diagnosis

14. Cluster B: Antisocial, Borderline, Histrionic, and Narcissistic Personality Disorders (continued) Both may reflect a common, underlying tendency toward lack of inhibition.Both may reflect a common, underlying tendency toward lack of inhibition. People with both types of disorder form shallow, intense relationships with others, and they can be extremely manipulative.People with both types of disorder form shallow, intense relationships with others, and they can be extremely manipulative.Diagnosis

15. Cluster B: Antisocial, Borderline, Histrionic, and Narcissistic Personality Disorders (continued) The essential feature of narcissistic personality disorder is a pervasive pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, and inability to empathize with other people.The essential feature of narcissistic personality disorder is a pervasive pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, and inability to empathize with other people. Narcissistic people have a greatly exaggerated sense of their own importance.Narcissistic people have a greatly exaggerated sense of their own importance. They are preoccupied with their own achievements and abilities.They are preoccupied with their own achievements and abilities.Diagnosis

16. Cluster C: Avoidant, Dependent and Obsessive- Compulsive Personality Disorders The common element in all three disorders is presumably anxiety or fearfulness.The common element in all three disorders is presumably anxiety or fearfulness. This description fits most easily with the avoidant and dependent types.This description fits most easily with the avoidant and dependent types. In contrast, obsessive–compulsive personality disorder is more accurately described in terms of preoccupation with rules and with lack of emotional warmth than in terms of anxiety.In contrast, obsessive–compulsive personality disorder is more accurately described in terms of preoccupation with rules and with lack of emotional warmth than in terms of anxiety.Diagnosis

17. Cluster C: Avoidant, Dependent and Obsessive- Compulsive Personality Disorders (continued) Avoidant personality disorder is characterized by a pervasive pattern of social discomfort, fear of negative evaluation, and timidity.Avoidant personality disorder is characterized by a pervasive pattern of social discomfort, fear of negative evaluation, and timidity. People with this disorder tend to be socially isolated when outside their own family circle because they are afraid of criticism.People with this disorder tend to be socially isolated when outside their own family circle because they are afraid of criticism.Diagnosis

18. Cluster C: Avoidant, Dependent and Obsessive- Compulsive Personality Disorders (continued) Unlike people with schizoid personality disorder, they want to be liked by others, but they are extremely shy—easily hurt by even minimal signs of disapproval from other people.Unlike people with schizoid personality disorder, they want to be liked by others, but they are extremely shy—easily hurt by even minimal signs of disapproval from other people. Thus they avoid social and occupational activities that require significant contact with other people.Thus they avoid social and occupational activities that require significant contact with other people.Diagnosis

19. Cluster C: Avoidant, Dependent and Obsessive- Compulsive Personality Disorders (continued) Avoidant personality disorder is often indistinguishable from generalized social phobia.Avoidant personality disorder is often indistinguishable from generalized social phobia. Some experts have argued that they are probably two different ways of defining the same condition.Some experts have argued that they are probably two different ways of defining the same condition. Others have argued that people with avoidant personality disorder have more trouble than people with social phobia in relating to other people.Others have argued that people with avoidant personality disorder have more trouble than people with social phobia in relating to other people.Diagnosis

20. Cluster C: Avoidant, Dependent and Obsessive- Compulsive Personality Disorders (continued) The essential feature of dependent personality disorder is a pervasive pattern of submissive and clinging behavior.The essential feature of dependent personality disorder is a pervasive pattern of submissive and clinging behavior. People with this disorder are afraid of separating from other people on whom they are dependent for advice and reassurance.People with this disorder are afraid of separating from other people on whom they are dependent for advice and reassurance. Often unable to make everyday decisions on their own, they feel anxious and helpless when they are alone.Often unable to make everyday decisions on their own, they feel anxious and helpless when they are alone.Diagnosis

21. Cluster C: Avoidant, Dependent and Obsessive- Compulsive Personality Disorders (continued) Like people with avoidant personality disorder, they are easily hurt by criticism, extremely sensitive to disapproval, and lacking in self confidence.Like people with avoidant personality disorder, they are easily hurt by criticism, extremely sensitive to disapproval, and lacking in self confidence. One difference between them is that people who are avoidant have trouble initiating a relationship (because they are fearful).One difference between them is that people who are avoidant have trouble initiating a relationship (because they are fearful). People who are dependent have trouble being alone or separating from other people with whom they already have a close relationship.People who are dependent have trouble being alone or separating from other people with whom they already have a close relationship.Diagnosis

22. Cluster C: Avoidant, Dependent and Obsessive- Compulsive Personality Disorders (continued) Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder (OCPD) is defined by a pervasive pattern of orderliness, perfectionism, and mental and interpersonal control, at the expense of flexibility, openness, and efficiency.Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder (OCPD) is defined by a pervasive pattern of orderliness, perfectionism, and mental and interpersonal control, at the expense of flexibility, openness, and efficiency. People with this disorder set ambitious standards for their own performance that frequently are so high as to be unattainable.People with this disorder set ambitious standards for their own performance that frequently are so high as to be unattainable. The central features of this disorder may involve a marked need for control and lack of tolerance for uncertainty.The central features of this disorder may involve a marked need for control and lack of tolerance for uncertainty.Diagnosis

23. Cluster C: Avoidant, Dependent and Obsessive- Compulsive Personality Disorders (continued) Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder should not be confused with obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD), a type of anxiety disorder.Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder should not be confused with obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD), a type of anxiety disorder. The definition of obsessive–compulsive personality disorder, in contrast, is concerned with personality traits, such as excessively high levels of conscientiousness.The definition of obsessive–compulsive personality disorder, in contrast, is concerned with personality traits, such as excessively high levels of conscientiousness.Diagnosis