2. Schizophrenia

3. Schizophrenic Disorders Literally means “split mind” About 1 in every 100 people are diagnosed with schizophrenia. General onset is between 18-24 Affects men and women equally, but men’s symptoms are more severe

4. Schizophrenia is characterized by: 1.Disorganized and delusional thinking. 2.Disturbed perceptions. 3.Inappropriate emotions and actions.

5. Positive v. Negative Symptoms Positive Symptoms Presence of inappropriate symptoms Negative Symptoms Absence of appropriate ones.

6. Disorganized Thinking & Speech (+) Thinking is fragmented and bizarre and distorted with false beliefs. Breakdown in selective attention.- they cannot filter out information  strong correlation with ADHD Disorganized speech (“word salad”)

7. Delusions (false beliefs) (+) Delusions of Persecution Delusions of Grandeur

8. Disturbed Perceptions (+) hallucinations- sensory experiences without sensory stimulation.

9. Inappropriate Emotions and Actions (-) Laugh at inappropriate times. Flat Effect Senseless, compulsive acts. Catatonia- motionless Waxy Flexibility

10. Possible Symptoms of Schizophrenia  Personality deterioration  Incoherent speech (word salad)  Very primitive or inappropriate behavior (laughing at a funeral)  Inappropriate affect (mood)  Uncontrolled grinning and laughter  Shabby appearance  Delusions of grandeur or persecution that result from a misinterpretation of reality  Periods of excitability followed by deep withdrawal  Parrot-like repeating of other’s speech and movements  Waxy flexibility  Agitation Brian Wilson of the Beach Boys Mary Todd Lincoln Economist John Nash (A Beautiful Mind) John Hinckley Jr.

11. Dopamine Overactivity Researchers found that schizophrenic patients express higher levels of dopamine receptors in the brain. Brain Abnormalities causes/effects(?) of schizophrenia Knowing this, what kind of medication would a person suffering with schizophrenia most likely be prescribed: a dopamine AGONIST OR a dopamine ANTAGONIST?

12. Abnormal Brain Activity Brain scans show abnormal activity in the frontal cortex, thalamus, and amygdala of schizophrenic patients. Paul Thompson and Arthur W. Toga, UCLA Laboratory of Neuro Imaging and Judith L. Rapport, National Institute of Mental Health Brain Abnormalities causes/ effects (?) of schizophrenia

13. Enlarged Ventricles Both Photos: Courtesy of Daniel R. Weinberger, M.D., NIH-NIMH/ NSC causes/ effects (?) of schizophrenia

14. Viral Infection Schizophrenia has also been observed in individuals who contracted a viral infection (flu) during the middle of their fetal development. causes (?) of schizophrenia

15. genetic factors The likelihood of an individual suffering from schizophrenia is almost 50% if their identical twin has the disease Lifetime risk of developing schizophrenia for relatives of a schizophrenic 403020100403020100 General population SiblingsChildrenFraternal twin Children of two schizophrenia victims Identical twin

16. Psychological and environmental factors can trigger schizophrenia if the individual is genetically predisposed. Genain Sisters The genetically identical Genain sisters suffer from schizophrenia. Two more than others, thus there are contributing environmental factors. Biopsychosocial model

17. Personality Disorders Well-established, maladaptive ways of behaving that negatively affect people’s ability to function. Dominates their personality.

18. Three Clusters Ten distinct personality clusters are characterized into three basic clusters Odd, eccentric cluster Paranoid Personality Disorder Schizoid Personality Disorder Schizotypal Personality Disorder Dramatic, emotional, erratic cluster Antisocial Personality Disorder Borderline Personality Disorder Histrionic Personality Disorder Narcissistic Personality Disorder Anxious, fearful cluster Avoidant Personality Disorder Dependent Personality Disorder Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder

19. Cluster A: Odd Eccentric Cluster

20. Paranoid Personality Disorder Paranoid personality disorder is characterized by a distrust of others and a constant suspicion that people around you have sinister motives. Usually without any basis for mistrust

21. Paranoid Personality Disorder They search for hidden meanings in everything and read hostile intentions into the actions of others. Quick to challenge the loyalties of friends and loved ones Often appear cold and distant to others. Usually shift blame to others and tend to carry long grudges. 3% of population Blame others for own shortcomings

22. Schizoid Personality Disorder People with schizoid personality disorder avoid relationships and do not show much emotion Humorless They genuinely prefer to be alone and do not secretly wish for popularity.

23. Schizotypal Personality Disorder Characterized by a need for social isolation, odd behavior and thinking, and often unconventional beliefs such as being convinced of having extra sensory abilities. Some people believe that schizotypal personality disorder is a mild form of schizophrenia.

24. Cluster B: Dramatic, Emotional, Erratic cluster

25. Antisocial Personality Disorder Lack of empathy. Little regard for other’s feelings. View the world as hostile and look out for themselves. Don’t usually think about consequences Prone to criminal behavior – Tend to lie and steal

26. Antisocial Personality Disorder Often referred to as sociopaths or psychopaths Evidence is seen in behaviors in childhood or early adolescence They often blame the victim for their own stupidity Middle to late adulthood tendencies tend to diminish

27. Biological Link to Anti-Social Behavior? PET scans illustrate reduced activation in a murderer’s frontal cortex Normal Murderer

28. Borderline Personality Disorder characterized by instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, and impulsivity People with this disorder are prone to constant mood swings and bouts of anger. Most commonly diagnosed

29. Histrionic Personality Disorder They need to be the center of attention all the time, often interrupting others in order to dominate the conversation. Exaggerate friendships and relationships, believing everyone loves them

30. Narcissistic Personality Disorder Having an unwarranted sense of self-importance. Thinking that you are the center of the universe. Justin Bieber at the Anne Frank House: “I hope Anne Frank would have been a belieber.”

31. Narcissistic Personality Disorder Start at 2:34 They tend to be choosy about picking friends, since they believe that not just anyone is worthy of being their friend. They are generally uninterested in the feelings of others and may take advantage of them.

32. Cluster C: Anxious, Fearful Cluster

33. Avoidant personality disorder Characterized by a pervasive pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and extreme sensitivity to negative evaluation. Consider themselves to be socially inept or personally unappealing, and avoid social interaction for fear of being ridiculed or humiliated.

34. Dependent Personality disorder Characterized by a pervasive psychological dependence on other people. Has difficulty making everyday decisions without an excessive amount of advice and reassurance from others

35. Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder Characterized by a general psychological inflexibility, rigid conformity to rules and procedures, perfectionism, and excessive orderliness. People with OCPD tend to stress perfectionism above all else, and feel anxious when they perceive that things aren't "right".

36. Facticious Disorders Facticious Disorders: are conditions in which a person acts as if he or she has an illness by deliberately producing, feigning, or exaggerating symptoms. Ex. Münchausen syndrome: psychiatric disorder where one fakes physical or psychological illnesses or diseases to gain sympathy for themselves. Münchausen syndrome by proxy: involves inflicting physical symptoms on others usually a child to gain sympathy.

37. Other Disorders Paraphilias (pedophilia, zoophilia, hybristophilia) Fetishism sadist, masochist Eating Disorders Substance use disorders ADHD

38. Percentage of Americans Who Have Ever Experienced Psychological Disorders Disorder White Black Hispanic Men Women Totals Ethnicity Gender Alcohol abuse or dependence 13.6% 13.8% 16.7% 23.8% 4.6% 13.8% Generalized anxiety 3.4 6.1 3.7 2.4 5.0 3.8 Phobia 9.7 23.4 12.2 10.4 17.7 14.3 Obsessive-compulsive disorder 2.6 2.3 1.8 2.0 3.0 2.6 Mood disorder 8.0 6.3 7.8 5.2 10.2 7.8 Schizophrenic disorder 1.4 2.1 0.8 1.2 1.7 1.5 Antisocial personality disorder 2.6 2.3 3.4 4.5 0.8 2.6