2. Copyright © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Module 39 Infancy and Childhood D. Berry/PhotoLink/Getty Images

3. MODULE 39 Copyright © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. The Extraordinary Newborn The Neonate Reflexes –Unlearned, involuntary –responses that occur automatically in the –presence of certain stimuli –Rooting reflex –Sucking reflex –Gag reflex –Startle reflex –Babinski reflex Jack Hollingsworth/Getty Images

4. MODULE 39 Copyright © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Development of the Senses: Taking in the World Habituation –The decrease in the response to a stimulus that occurs after repeated presentations of the same stimuli Andrew Ward/Life File/Getty Images

5. MODULE 39 Copyright © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Physical Development

6. MODULE 39 Copyright © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Development of Social Behavior Attachment –The positive emotional bond that develops between a child and a particular individual Lorenz and imprinting Harlow and infant monkeys Father’s role Buccina Studios/Getty Images

7. MODULE 39 Copyright © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Measuring Attachment Ainsworth “strange situation” –Securely attached –Avoidant –Ambivalent –Disorganized-disoriented Andersen Ross/Getty Images

8. MODULE 39 Copyright © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Social Relationships with Peers Play Day care Nicola Sutton/Life File/Getty Images

9. MODULE 39 Copyright © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Parenting Styles

10. MODULE 39 Copyright © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Temperament A basic, innate disposition Royalty-Free/CORBIS

11. MODULE 39 Copyright © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Psychosocial Development Erikson’s Theory Psychosocial Development - Involves changes in our interactions and understanding of one another as well as in our knowledge and understanding of ourselves as members of society Royalty-Free/CORBIS

12. MODULE 39 Copyright © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Psychosocial Stages Trust versus mistrust –Birth to 1 ½ years Autonomy versus shame and doubt –1 ½ to 3 years Initiative versus guilt –3 to 6 years Industry versus inferiority –6 to 12 years Royalty-Free/CORBIS

13. MODULE 39 Copyright © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Cognitive Development Cognitive Development - The process by which a child’s understanding of the world changes as a function of experience Amos Morgan/Getty Images

14. MODULE 39 Copyright © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Cognitive Development: Piaget’s View

15. MODULE 39 Copyright © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Information Processing Theory Information processing: The way in which people take in, use, and store information Metacognition: An awareness and understanding of one’s own cognitive processes

16. MODULE 39 Copyright © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Cognitive Development: Vygotsky’s View Zone of proximal development (ZPD) –The level at which a child can almost, but not fully, comprehend or perform a task on his or her own –Scaffolding Phillip Spears/Getty Images